And Here I Thought Teens Were Rebellious essays

And Here I Thought Teens Were Rebellious essays Have you ever played that game, where someone tells you a word and you say the first thing that comes to mind? This may seem silly for teens but, lets play that now. Ill play too. What do you think of when you hear the word, peanut butter? Many would say jelly, I would say pancakes-you should try it, it tastes really good. Ok, another. What do you think of when you hear the word, phobia? Most may think arachnophobia, like the movie. Whereas I think sesquipedalophobia-fear of long words, go figure. One more, what do you think of when you hear the word, propaganda? A great number of you would say billboards or maybe television. But I would say mind control. You see, there are many different types of propaganda, used by a lot of different people or organizations, in a number ways. All used to convey several different ideas. And for all you know, youre buying into every single one. The best place to start-I always say-is at the beginning. So, what is propaganda anyway? Different definitions can be obtained depending on the source used. My favorite definition comes from Merriam-Websters online dictionary. Propaganda is defined as 1: the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person.2: ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause. 3: committee of cardinals-a committee of Roman Catholic cardinals, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, in charge of supervising foreign missions and educating priests to serve in them. I like to refer to it as the manipulation of the public mind set. Okay, so who se doing the manipulation? Are you ready for this...Everyone. A propagandist seeks to change the way people understand an issue or situation, for the purpose of changing their actions and expectations in ways that are desirable to the interest group.(Propagandacritic.com) In o...

Advantages and disadvantages of MSN Messenger The WritePass Journal

Advantages and disadvantages of MSN Messenger Advantages and disadvantages of MSN Messenger Introduction  ConclusionRelated Introduction All over the world many people use the internet. One of the main reasons for using internet   is communication. People communicate with each other in many different ways such as: emails, chat rooms and of course instant messaging programs. Have you ever used MSN? Personally Ive been using it for years now and I know many friends and people from my family use MSN. MSN is a one of the most popular instant messaging service in the world and in my opinion the best I have ever used. It has millions of users around the world. It has a lot of amazing and different feature in addition to its basic work as an instant messaging software. However, like most things there are advantages and disadvantages related to this program. and this is what Im going to write about in my report. MSN program was created by Microsoft on July 22, 1992. It was formally named MSN Messenger but it has been renamed as windows live messenger on December 13, 2005. It has many different versions, the first version of MSN messenger was version 1.0. It was released on July 22, 1999. It was only included basic feature like text messaging and very simple contact list. More than 10 version have been released since then and there are many popular versions people still use until now like Messenger 7.5, Windows Live Messenger 8, Windows Live Messenger 2009 and the final one, Windows Live Messenger 2011 which was released on September 30, 2010 and   I personally recommended it for its many different interesting features. To sign in the MSN Messenger you must have first an email account (excluding @hotmail, @msn or @live). When you open the program it will ask you to enter your email and password first. If you dont have a hotmail account you can get one easily and for free from the hotmail website and If you dont have the MSN program also there are many free links you can find and download the program from it . Like most instant messaging services the main advantage of using MSN program is the ability to communicate with friends, family and businesses. It is like conversation on a chat room with yourself and a friend or more. You type a message and it appear on their screen, they type a reply and it appear also on your screen. It is actually safer and more privet than chat rooms. it is simple, free, easy to access and use. It is good for keeping in touch with friends and family. users can add as many contacts as they want. When users sign in to MSN Messenger they will be able to see which of their contacts are online. It has a possibility to send messages to contacts who are offline and they will receive the offline messages as soon as they log in. They can share and send folders like pictures, music, documents and many different kinds of files. It is support voice and video conversation, that is mean you will be able to see who you are talking to through the webcam. It is similar to video calling on mobiles but it is better quality and of course for free. There is also an ability which was launched on July 12, 2006 that allows windows live messenger and Yahoo users to chat with each other without having to create an account on the other service. In addition the software allows you to run more than one messenger on multiple accounts. You can delete and block contacts so they wont be able to contact you ever again unless you added them again but in the latest version instead of blocking feature you can appear offline to your contacts as well as to particular contacts. Users can connect services like Facebook and MySpace with windows live messenger. They can post updates and photo to these services also imports contacts from these services. In MSN Messenger there are many fun games available that can be played via the conversation. You can invite your friends to challenge them in a game competition. There are graphics you can use which are called Emoticons. Users can se nd messages to other contact in a way that make the conversation more attractive and express a particular emotion. You can also add more emoticons by downloading more from internet. like any other thing in the world MSN has disadvantages too. But they are few comparing with the huge advantages that the program has. I think one disadvantage that most users know about is that you dont have the control about who adds you to their own contact list. So many times strangers people add me but I always block and delete them. You have always to update for the new versions released. Sometimes it has log on problems. People can send you viruses through files. And the most common problem of course is hacking   your hotmail account. It happens to users and sometimes they cant have their accounts back. MSN also used sometimes for gossiping. There is a feature called MySpace, were you users can write about themselves and put self pictures for them. It is a little dangerous if you put self photos because you dont know who is seeing them and took them. There are not so many disadvantages but they are still little bit risky and its important to be aware of them.   Conclusion In conclusion I think MSN Messenger are indeed very important program that continue to attract people from all over the world. I feel it is somehow become a way of life. Where people meet and talk   for hours. Manar Mohammed AL-Sawafi

Discuss the proposition that the experience of downsizing leads to the Essay

Discuss the proposition that the experience of downsizing leads to the de - motivation and demoralisation of employees - Essay Example 693). Specifically, the debate on whether or not downsizing demoralises and motivates employees is the issue this paper would like to delve on. Nothing is constant in this world except change. Change is progressive. It is inevitable that it has to be addressed, no matter what. The more you avoid it, the worse you end up, yet you should not also deal with it haphazardly. In a fast developing world, change is something you should always prepare for, because the faster development occurs and so is with change. This is the dilemma most companies, big and small, confront today especially so that in a continuously changing global economy, companies see their survival primarily on the displacement of employees. What initially was an American phenomenon has transcended national borders. Several European organizations (including Volvo, British Airways, Vivendi, and Alcatel), as well as Asian companies, such as Fuji, Sony, Toshiba, Nissan, and Daewoo, have experienced layoffs, divestitures, and closings in recent years. This downsizing is especially significant given the labour laws, worker councils, and national cultures that traditionally have supported lifelong relationships between employers and employees. In China, for example, mores were at one time so strong that this type of organizational activity was referred to as ‘taking away someones rice bowl’ (that is, the company would be removing an individuals means of income). (Marks & De Meuse 2003, p. 3) These downsizing practices have been gaining criticism from different sections of society in every part of the globe. This dilemma becomes more pronounced as the world economy worsens because competition among corporations becomes stiffer and harsher further sharpening the inherent contradiction between labour and capital. In their study of industrial relations systems in the UK, Turnbull, Blyton & Harvey (2004) observed that, adversarialism rather than

MGT599 MoD 2 TD WEEK 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MGT599 MoD 2 TD WEEK 2 - Essay Example This paper mainly tries to accomplish a brief analysis of the industry of food. However, in order to do so, PEST analysis and Porter’s Five Forces model are used. With the help of these analytical techniques, the recent opportunities and threats are evaluated about the food industry. After analyzing the opportunities and threats, the ways in which, these are effective for the Kraft Food Group is also evaluated within this paper. Moreover, in what ways, the Kraft Food Group might mitigate the risks and threats presented by the political, social or economic factors as well as threat of new entrants are also evaluated, so as to enhance its position and demand in the market among many other rival players. Threat of Entry: the threat of entrance of new players within the industry of food is quite tough due to excess capital requirements. In order to present differentiated products, high technology machineries are required that are generally out of the budget to the new entrants (Enz, 2009). Moreover, if the new entrants fail to offer, high quality products, then the customers may not prefer these products and their market share and profitability may not be increased (Ma, 2014). However, due to presence of these barriers, the rate of new entrance is low and this act as one of the strengths for the Kraft food group that offers a high impact on growing market share of the company. Rivalry: the extent of competitive rivalry among the existing players of food industry is extremely high (Kotler, 2008). However, in order to mitigate such rivalry, most of the existing players such as General Mills and Nestle always try to offer high attention over its research and development department to introduce new products frequently. This might prove effective for the existing players of food industry to amplify its demand and position in the market (Jones & George, 2004). However, because of high attention over research department, both of these organizations

Parthenon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parthenon - Essay Example The structure is a work of synchronicity and precision. The earliest Hellenic structures date back to the 6th century BCE. There were two large temples dedicated to Athena. In 480 BC the Persians destroyed them, and in 447 BCE, the Athenian leader Pericles ordered the erection of the Parthenon. The form of the temple represents the matrimony of minimalism and authority. That is why it is so important to modern architects. It demonstrates how a building is not only function but also form. It is both art and science; pretty yet practical. This balance is perhaps the most striking element of the Parthenon. It is rare even in modern architecture to find such poise. The architects of Dubai are approaching a contemporary equivalent with their more innovative ideas. The Greek Parthenon is a building par excellence. Here, I have identified what it is, discuss why it’s important, describe its structure, and explain its historical and contemporary relevance. Even with our modern buildings, it still marks the basis for some of our architectural

Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses

Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses Forensic Bio analysis Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses Phenylbutazone (C19H20N2O2 see figure 1 below) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Bute as it is more commonly known, is widely used for the treatment of bone, joint and soft tissue inflammation in horses. It was used in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in humans, but after serious issues and side effects was withdrawn. The main metabolites of Phenylbutazone (PBZ) are Oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ) and Hydroxyphenbutazone (HPBZ). As with most drugs Phenylbutazone has legal uses and also illegal uses. Despite Bute’s significant and anti-inflammatory effects, it has the capacity to affect racing performance in racehorses. The various racing regulatory bodies have varying permitted limits in pre and post-race samples, as they respect the need to discriminate between doping and the genuine therapeutic use of the drug. Figure 1. As such the need for stringent and accurate testing is crucial. There are various methods of testing and it is dependent upon the sample type which is best to use. Sampling in itself has issues blood tests are very invasive, but on the other hand gaining a urine sample is very awkward and hazard prone. Pharmacokinetics According to (Chay et al., 1984), (Lees, Maitho and Taylor, 1985; Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), (Smith et al., 1987), (Landuyt, Delbeke and Debackere, 1993), the bioavailability of PBZ is in the range of 60% 91%. However it should also be noted that these studies showed variations in the rate of absorption between and within horses.(Gerring, Lees and Taylor, 1981) and (Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), also showed that the rate of absorption is dependent on whether or not the horse has been fed. When food has been withheld from the treated horse for between 3 and 4 hours, before and after being dosed with PBZ, the maximum concentration in plasma according to (Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), occurs at 4 to 6 hours. If the horse as constant access to fed, there is a small initial peak in in plasma concentration after 1 to 2 hours. This is then followed by a much larger absorption phase from 10 to 24 hours, which gives it a Tmax (amount of time that a drug is present at the maximum concentration in serum) of 12 to 14 hours. (Lees et al., 1986), explain that the distribution of PBZ from plasma to interstitial and trans-cellular fluids is limited, with the distribution volume being small 0.1 0.3 L/kg. Even though distribution is limited, it reaches sites of acute inflammation easily; this may be accountable to increased blood flow in the area and increased capillary permeability. (Rowland and Tozer, 2005), indicate that the distribution of the drug bound to plasma protein, in plasma, in extracellular fluid and in the rest of the body can be predicted. This is done by taking into account the fu (free fraction in plasma). In horses, the fu is 2% and the volume of distribution 0.17 L/kg. Using these figures Rowland and Tower, 2009 predicted that 29.4% of PBZ in the horses’ body will be in the plasma, 45.5% being present in the extracellular fluid and only 25% in the remainder of the body. Elimination of PBZ is principally dependant on hepatic metabolism. (Authie et al., 2010), showed that in test exercise conditions hepatic clearance became significantly decreased. (Authie et al., 2010), showed that renal clearance contributed to PBZ elimination. They found that elimination was shown to be similar at rest, 11.2% and at exercise, 12.9%. PBZ is lipophilic molecule, as such some of the drug is subsequently reabsorbed. As a result of this the urine, plasma concentration ratio in horses is low at around 2:1, (Gerring, Lees and Taylor, 1981). Analytical Methods HPLC (Grippa et al., 2000a) used HPLC (Reversed phase) to determine the presence and quantity of PBZ in equine serum. The serum was mixed with an internal standard, evaporated, re-suspended and then analysed, using a C-18 column which had been calibrated using acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid. The (Grippa et al., 2000a) method had a LOQ (limit of quantification) of 0.5 µg/ml and a LOD (limit of detection) 0.5 µg/ml. This method is only for the determination of the presence of PBZ. The only detector mentioned is a UV monitor which would simply say if it was present but not in what quantity it was is present. If an MS (mass spectrometer) was attached however, the PBZ could be quantified as well. There are however disadvantages to HPLC-MS and these are mainly associated with the MS. The molecular weight is not sufficient for identification and fragmentation is required. This can be achieved using MS-MS instruments such as triple Quadra-pole or ion trap. It can however only analyse volatile components The MS-MS works in two stages. The 1st stage MS isolates ion of interest and fragments and the 2nd stage produces mass spectrum of fragments. Electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers (MISPE) (Meucci et al., 2013), developed a new analytical method for detecting and quantifying PBZ in equine plasma. The technique is based on electrochemical sensing, they used disposable graphite based screen printed electrodes and DPVs (differential pulse voltammetry) for detection after the sample has gone through the MISPE (molecular imprinted solid phase extraction) procedure. Liquid Chromatography Electro-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS) can also be used as a detection method after elution from the MISPE (Harun, Anderson and Cormack, 2010). The accuracy of the (Meucci et al., 2013) method was shown to be more than 94% at 3 different concentrations. The LOQ (limit of quantification) was 0.01 µg/ml and the LOD (limit of detection) was 0.005 µg/ml. There method was validated using HPLC and the correlation of results was found to be r2 >0.999. This is a new method and with a new method comes criticism and the need to iron out the little flaws etc. This method has however been validated in comparison with HPLC. GC-MS (Gonzalez et al., 1996) method uses GC-MS to detect the presence of PBZ and OPBZ in equine plasma. Samples were prepared using an internal standard and the pH was adjusted to between 2 and 3. After missing and centrifugation, separated and evaporated to then undergo derivatisation. Helium was used as the carrier gas and the column was fused-silica cross-linked with methyl-silicone. The temperature of the detector and injector port was at a constant 280 °C, whereas the oven temperature was increased from 100 °C to 200 °C and then onto 300 °C. The LOD (limit of detection) for PBZ was 10ng/ml and for OPBZ 25ng/ml. The problems with GC-MS are mainly associated with the GC not the MS, these being that it can only analyse volatile components and most controlled substances i.e. drugs have to be derivatised prior to analysis. ELISA Elisa screening for drugs is a particularly sensitive and quick way of identifying if a drug is present. Due to the sensitivity of immunoassay screening, ELISA is usually used as a kind of ‘presumptive’ test before going ahead with the more expensive methods. Randox life sciences have developed an ELISA specifically for Phenylbutazone and Oxyphenbutazone (Kwiatkowski et al., 1989). It has an LOD of 2.01ng/ml and a calibration range of 0-90 ng/ml. Sample preparation is minimal with only a dilution required before the test can be performed. Preferred Method GC-MS has a better LOD than both HPLC and the MISPE methods, however sample preparation makes this method very laborious. The MISPE methods results were validated using HPLC and the correlation was very promising as a novel alternative to the more traditional HPLC and GC-MS methods. The MISPE method also had better LOQ and LOD than the HPLC method. Initially due to the high sensitivity and relative cheapness of the test I would first perform an ELISA to confirm the presence, provided enough sample was present. Providing a ‘presumptive’ positive had been gained, the preferred analytical method to detect PBZ in horse blood samples would then be the MISPE, (with Electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers method). Because it outranks even the gold standard techniques for ease of use and results gained. Internal standards An internal standard is a chemical substance which is added in a constant, consistent amount to the samples to be analyzed, the blank and calibration standards used in any given analysis. This substance is then used for calibration purposes by plotting the ratio of the signal of the analyte to the internal standard signal. This done in order to correct the loss of analyte, which occurs during sample preparation or at the point of inlet. (Grippa et al., 2000b) Used probenecid as the internal standard when looking for Phenylbutazone through HPLC analysis. However, no internal standard information was available for the internal standard used in the MISPE method. The internal standard is a very similar compound, but not identical to the analyte of interest in the samples. The internal standard should the then be affected in the same way during sample preparation etc. as the analyte of interest. Validation Method validation by HPLC analysis Method validation is the process of proving that an analytical method is acceptable for its intended purpose. Specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness are all guidelines for validation. The electrochemical-based sensing method was compared with HPLC reference analysis in order to validate the method. The PBZ content of various spiked equine samples was tested using the two methods after the sample had been extracted using the MISPE procedure. The study’s findings with voltammetry-based sensing showed very good agreement with results obtained by HPLC analysis. Statistical tests on the data at the 95% significance level generated a correlation line with the following equation and correlation coefficient: y = 0.9997  ± 0.0043x + 0.00072  ± 0.012, r2 = 0.9998 for PBZ This showed an excellent correlation between the new developed method and the reference gold standard HPLC analysis. Therefore the proposed DPV-based method coupled to MISPE was shown to be very suitable for the quantitative analysis of PBZ in equine plasma. Linearity, LOQ/LOD and Accuracy and Precision Linearity Linearity is the sample concentration range where analyte response is linearly proportional to the concentration. The study performed a linearity test calibration curve with PBZ using standard solutions and the measurements were repeated nine times. The study’s criteria for r2 and g were r2 ≠¥ 0.99 and g≠¤10%. The regression lines were found to have the following equation: y = 0.04x + 0.01, r2 = 0.99 and g 3.7% for PBZ. Accuracy and precision Precision is the amount of scatter in results taken from multiple analysis. Accuracy is the Closeness of measured value to true answer. The precision of the study’s method was checked using replicates, 10 were performed on freshly prepared 0.5 g/ml solutions of PBZ. There were two types of precision and accuracy were assessed, within-day precision and accuracy and between-day. The within-day samples were assessed using blank plasma samples spiked with PBZ at 0.05 g/ml, 0.5 g/ml and 10 g/. These were extracted using the MISPE-procedure and analyse took place on the same day. Between-day samples were assessed using the same samples as the within-day tests. The acceptance criteria for accuracy were −20% to +10% of the theoretical concentration. The study found that the accuracy of the estimated PBZ concentration was more than 94% at three concentrations used as quality control samples. The precision expressed as inter-day coefficient of variation ranged from 2.6% to 6.5% and the intra-day CV% ranged from 1.5% to 5.0%. The coefficients of variation of 10 replicate analyses on freshly prepared 0.5 g/ml solutions were 1.5% for PBZ. LOQ and LOD The sensitivity of the method was shown as the limit of quantification. This limit was set at 10 times the standard deviation of the intercepts divided by the slope of the calibration curve. The limit of detection was set at 3.3 times the standard deviation of the intercepts divided by the slope of the calibration curve. The LOQ and LOD for PBZ was 0.01g/ml. This study found that the LOQ using this novel method are lower than those obtained with HPLC had a LOQ of 0.5 g/ml and GC/MS had a LOQ of 0.05 g/ml in analyses. The presented results compared favourably with those obtained with LC/MS/MS, which had a LOQ of 0.01 g/ml during analysis. Conclusion The comparison to all the known ‘Gold standard’ methods showed this method to be more sensitive and less expensive, both in terms of analysis time and instrumentation costs. References Authie, E. C., Garcia, P., Popot, M. A., Toutain, P. L., and Doucet, M. (2010) Effect of an endurance-like exercise on the disposition and detection time of phenylbutazone and dexamethasone in the horse: application to medication control. Equine Vet J. Vol.42(3), pp.240-7. Chay, S., Woods, W. E., Nugent, T. E., Weckman, T., Houston, T., Sprinkle, F., Blake, J. W., Tobin, T., Soma, L. R., Yocum, J., and et al. (1984) Population distributions of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone after oral and i.v. dosing in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.7(4), pp.265-76. Gerring, E. L., Lees, P., and Taylor, J. B. (1981) Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its metabolites in the horse. Equine Vet J. Vol.13(3), pp.152-7. Gonzalez, G., Ventura, R., Smith, A. K., de la Torre, R., and Segura, J. (1996) Detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. Vol.719(1), pp.251-64. Grippa, E., Santini, L., Castellano, G., Gatto, M. T., Leone, M. G., and Saso, L. (2000a) Simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. Vol.738(1), pp.17-25. Grippa, E., Santini, L., Castellano, G., Gatto, M. T., Leone, M. G., and Saso, L. (2000b) Simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. Vol.738(1), pp.17-25. Harun, N., Anderson, R. A., and Cormack, P. A. (2010) Analysis of ketamine and norketamine in hair samples using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Anal Bioanal Chem. Vol.396(7), pp.2449-59. Kwiatkowski, S., Goodman, J. P., Stanley, S. D., Tai, C. L., Yang, J. M., Wood, T., Sturma, L., Woods, W. E., Tian, Z. G., Bertram, S., Tai, H. H., Weckman, T. J., Chang, S. L., Blake, J. W., Watt, D. S., Tobin, T., Mcdonald, J., Wie, S., Chung, R. A., Brecht, J. M., Conner, J. C., Dahl, P. A., Lewis, E. L., Prange, C. A., and Uboh, C. E. (1989) Immunoassay Detection of Drugs in Racing Horses .10. Detection of Phenylbutazone in Equine Blood and Urine by Particle Concentration Fluoroimmunoassay and Elisa. Research Communications in Substances of Abuse. Vol.10(2), pp.123-139. Landuyt, J., Delbeke, F. T., and Debackere, M. (1993) The intramuscular bioavailability of a phenylbutazone preparation in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.16(4), pp.494-500. Lees, P., Maitho, T. E., and Taylor, J. B. (1985) Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in two age groups of ponies: a preliminary study. Vet Rec. Vol.116(9), pp.229-32. Lees, P., Taylor, J. B., Higgins, A. J., and Sharma, S. C. (1986) Phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone distribution into tissue fluids in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.9(2), pp.204-12. Maitho, T. E., Lees, P., and Taylor, J. B. (1986) Absorption and pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in Welsh Mountain ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.9(1), pp.26-39. Meucci, V., Vanni, M., Sgorbini, M., Odore, R., Minunni, M., and Intorre, L. (2013) Determination of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine in equine plasma by electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. Vol.179 pp.226-231. Rowland, M., and Tozer, T. N. (2005) Clinical pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Smith, P. B., Caldwell, J., Smith, R. L., Horner, M. W., and Moss, M. S. (1987) The bioavailability of phenylbutazone in the horse. Xenobiotica. Vol.17(4), pp.435-43. B00222603Forensic Bio-analysisPage 1

Speech Pathology in Practice -- Health Care

Speech Pathology In Practice A speech pathologist is a health professional, educated at university level in the study of human communication. Speech pathologists assess and treat a wide range of communication and feeding skills, including language, voice, speech, fluency, feeding and swallowing and literacy (Private Speech Pathologists' Association of Western Australia, 2011, p. 1). They provide a wide range of services, mainly on an individual basis, but also as support for families, support groups, and providing information for the general public. Speech pathologists can work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, schools, community health centres, rehabilitation centres and private practice. In addition, the role of a speech pathologist is also to act as an advocate on behalf of people with communication disabilities (Speech Pathology Australia, 2012, p. 1). Human language is a unique mental equity and the use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture. Apart from being used to communicate and share information, it also has social and cultural uses, such as signifying ingrouping and identity (O'Connor, 2010, p. 1). The term language is often used interchangeably with communication and even speech, but it is important to define these terms in the context of speech pathology. Language can be defined as ‘code with structural properties characterized by a set of rules for producing and comprehending utterances’ (Nicolosi, Harryman, & Kresheck, 2004, p. 111). This is in contrast to speech; a ‘medium of oral communication that employs a linguistic code’ (Nicolosi et al., 2004, p. 254) or communication; ‘any means by which an individual relates experiences, ideas, knowledge and feelings to another’ (N... ...ial Educational Needs, 8(1), 2-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-3802.2008.00096.x Private Speech Pathologists' Association of Western Australia. (2011, 27 February 2012). What does a speech pathologist do? , from http://www.pspawa.com.au/html/what_do_we_do.html - What%20does%20a%20Speech%20Pathologist%20do Snowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (2012). Interventions for children's language and literacy difficulties. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 47(1), 27-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2011.00081.x Speech Pathology Australia. (2012). What is a speech pathologist? , from http://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/library/1.1_What_is_a_Speech_Pathologist.pdf Steele, S., & Mills, M. (2011). Vocabulary intervention for school-age children with language impairment: A review of evidence and good practice. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 27(3), 354.

Need Statement

X is a socio-cultural organization     working for social reformations for over two decades. It is a registered NGO, a non-profit organization. Currently, the main thrust of the organization is drug demand reduction amongst the younger generation. Drug abuse and alcoholism are among major causes for social maladies and     they misdirect the youth to antisocial activities and terrorism. The program initiated by X is an exclusive Psycho Analytical Treatment Module, which works on the total personality of an individual (addict). The highlight of our program is craving for drugs and alcohol is erased from the mind of the addict. That prevents the relapse, which is the major cause of worry in most of the drug demand reduction program. The drug demand reduction program of X has changed the lives of many individuals, transformed and rehabilitated families. X therefore, wishes to set up a comprehensive centre for de-addiction as it is felt that with growing number of cases, makeshift arrangements are not enough. X wishes to establish a full-fledged treatment centre.   Many across the country as well as a sizeable number from abroad have enquired about and have suggested for a proper permanent centre for inpatients, which require treatment for a fairly long period. â€Å"It is better to have a world united than a world divided; but it s better to have a world divided than a world destroyed,† said Sir Winston Churchill at the time of Second World War! At that time, perhaps Mr. Churchill did not think about this new war, where the youth of all the countries will join together, the war objective being mutual destruction. Who’s fighting whom in this weaponless, ammunition less war of drug-addiction? The most unfortunate aspect of this war is youth are the Commanders and the Generals! Thousands are recruited, without sex-bias, to this army of self-annihilation.   Mostly, youth partake in this death-march, and one can often hear the beat of the muffled drums, because drug death rates among the youth are increasing alarmingly. Youth have another shameful situation to face. â€Å"Often it is the victims of peddling who are arrested and prosecuted (for solicitation) rather than the traffickers† (UNODC-2007) Youth took to the drugs at a very young age, and walked up to the grave! That is their achievement in life! They have nothing to look forward to in life! The moral collapse of the younger generation is the worst thing that can happen to any country and humanity as a whole. Constructive dynamism should be the watchwords for this generation, but they preferred the ‘warmth’ of the fire-place beside the drug-joints .To provide the complete drug statistics, will mean writing an encyclopedia. The situation is simply mind-boggling. Therefore, the goal of X Organization is to bring total reduction in drug demand among the addicts and transform our drug-afflicted society into a society that is totally liberated from drug and substance abuse and make it   morally strong to stand against the related evils under any and all circumstances. It is no use brooding over the statistics, whether drug addicts are 1 million or 10 million! The menace has assumed alarming proportions, with no signs of abating.   If it is not checked with extra-serious efforts, the disastrous results will be catastrophic!   Youth are caught in it, and the clutches are too strong. The combustible younger generation is burning itself in the fire of various types of drug addictions. The present efforts made by UNODC, Govt. agencies, medical practitioners and philanthropists in the area of drug demand reduction, are like blocking a furiously advancing avalanche with the fence of straw. Or trying to touch the moon by kite flying! Or controlling the rising flood waters of the river by filling pitchers! Statistical studies and data are no doubt needed, but it is no use digging the well when the house is on fire. When there is a war, your goal should be to win the war, no matter how you do it. The initiatives should be implemented by honest people on a massive     scale. The transformation from addiction to de-addiction is like driving a vehicle, in the reverse gear—it is slow; has to be done with extra care! â€Å"When it comes to drug abuse people within a community can be seen as belonging to three different zones. The three zones can be best compared to a traffic light. People in the green zone are those who do not use drugs presently. Those in the amber zone are the early users, who run a great risk of developing problems. Those in the red zone are persons who are addicted. People in the red zone need treatment that is expensive and requires a lot of effort, and relapses are frequent. Therefore, red zone strategies include detoxification and rehabilitation† (UNODC Thematic Pamphlets 9) Majority of the youth addicts are in the red zone! As already stated, X is a non-profit Organization, just covering up its expenses through small donations, but it has the stability and experience of two decades behind it. Some of the philanthropists have been approached and seized of the issue. The activities of the project will be divided into two years. The program chalked out is: 1. Acquisition and possession of land 2. Outpatient department of the de addiction centre will be constructed first to initiate the following activities. a) Specialist and Medical Staff. b) Medicine Room. c) Landscaping for Naturopathy. d) Herbal Garden e) Community Education Program. f) Residential facilities for inpatient treatment. Project Impact: The objective of this treatment is to provide a treatment that treats, cures, detoxifies, recovers and rehabilitates an addict. Also transforms the individual in such a manner that there is a total denial to and abstinence from Drugs, alcohol and any type of substance abuse. With the impact of the project there would be increase in the level of awareness among masses and the stakeholders that there is a technique besides customary medical techniques that can totally transform and reform an addict into a decent individual and make productive member of the society. Counseling has the dominant role to play in the cure of the youth drug-addict.   They are, improving study, deepening self-understanding, and solving personal problems, etc. Solutions and intervention: To treat youth drug-addicts is not like the treatment of patients with cold or headache. Each addict is a special person and his problems are his own and they are quite intriguing. You have to deal with a cluster of problems relating to an individual before he is cured finally. This is a job of great perseverance, apart from the medical knowledge about the treatment. Drug demand reduction is a co-operative effort. Several persons are involved in the treatment of a drug addict. The co-operation of the addict is all the more important. .Monitoring and Evaluation: Internal monitoring and evaluation of the program will be carried out by the Organization Management, evaluation staff will be appointed and trained. The Fund Utilization Certificate will be made available through a registered Chartered Accountant. Conclusion: When a drug addict is constantly nagged and abused, condemned and ostracized by society, he turns into a viler and bitter individual. In such cases showering of pity alone will not help much. Heartfelt care and concern, an understanding approach, and tender regard for feelings are necessary prerequisites to heal the inner wounds, the self-inflicted damage.   Coupled with this, everybody involved in the treatment, directly and indirectly, need to learn to forgive and forget the past of the patient in order to help him build a new identity. References: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime-Strategic Programs Framework-South Asia-2005-2007-Priority Problems –Page 4 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime-Thematic Pamphlets 9–Prevention in the Community-Role of a Community Worker. Word Count:1286

Free Essays on How China Was Lost To Communism

How China Was Lost To Communism More than one-fifth of the world’s total population lives within China’s borders. China gave birth to one of the world’s earliest civilizations and has a recorded history that dates from some 3500 years ago (CIA). Zhonghuo, the Chinese name for the country, means â€Å"central land,† a reference to the Chinese belief that their country was the geographical center of the earth and the only true civilization. By the 19th century China had become a politically and economically weak nation, dominated by foreign powers (Wilkinson). China underwent many changes in the first half of the 20th century. The imperial government was overthrown, and in the chaotic years that followed, two groups-the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communists-struggled for control of the country. In 1949 the Communists won control of China. The government of the Republic of China, led by the KMT, fled to Taiwan. The accession of the Communist government in 1949 stands as one of the most important events in Chinese history; in a remarkably short period of time radical changes were effected in both the Chinese economy and society. Since the 1970s China has cast off its self-imposed isolation from the international community and has sought to modernize its economic structure. Communism To understand why China adopted communism, one must first get a clear understanding of this doctrine, and learn what its main emphasis and intentions are placed. Communism by definition, is a concept or system of society in which the major resources and means of production are owned by the community rather than by individuals (Gurley). In theory, such societies provide for equal sharing of all work, according to ability, and all benefits, according to need. Some conceptions of communist societies assume that, ultimately, coercive government would be unnecessary and therefore that such a society would be without rulers. Until the ultimate stages are... Free Essays on How China Was Lost To Communism Free Essays on How China Was Lost To Communism How China Was Lost To Communism More than one-fifth of the world’s total population lives within China’s borders. China gave birth to one of the world’s earliest civilizations and has a recorded history that dates from some 3500 years ago (CIA). Zhonghuo, the Chinese name for the country, means â€Å"central land,† a reference to the Chinese belief that their country was the geographical center of the earth and the only true civilization. By the 19th century China had become a politically and economically weak nation, dominated by foreign powers (Wilkinson). China underwent many changes in the first half of the 20th century. The imperial government was overthrown, and in the chaotic years that followed, two groups-the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communists-struggled for control of the country. In 1949 the Communists won control of China. The government of the Republic of China, led by the KMT, fled to Taiwan. The accession of the Communist government in 1949 stands as one of the most important events in Chinese history; in a remarkably short period of time radical changes were effected in both the Chinese economy and society. Since the 1970s China has cast off its self-imposed isolation from the international community and has sought to modernize its economic structure. Communism To understand why China adopted communism, one must first get a clear understanding of this doctrine, and learn what its main emphasis and intentions are placed. Communism by definition, is a concept or system of society in which the major resources and means of production are owned by the community rather than by individuals (Gurley). In theory, such societies provide for equal sharing of all work, according to ability, and all benefits, according to need. Some conceptions of communist societies assume that, ultimately, coercive government would be unnecessary and therefore that such a society would be without rulers. Until the ultimate stages are...

buy custom Asthma essay

buy custom Asthma essay This paper will focus on the difference between two bronchodilators, Albuterol versus levalbuterol in Asthma. This paper have discussed the various studies that have been carried out by different researcher in order to find the difference between the two bronchodilators. According to these studies, Levalbuterol seems to progress pulmonary task to a faintly better degree and last slightly longer than racemic Albuterol for the equal dose of R-Albuterol. The development in pulmonary role is related to 2.5 mg of racemic Albuterol and 0.625 mg of Levalbuterol with reduced toxicity with the second. Albuterol general toxicity follows the total amount of R-Albuterol there in a particular preparation. To add to this, there seems to be a better overall expenditure savings with Levalbuterol in comparison to racemic Albuterol. The expenditure savings appears to be connected to a decrease in duration of hospital stay and a decrease in the entire nebulization therapy when Levalbuterol is applied i n relation to racemic Albuterol. The etiologic causes in these variations are vague, but might be linked to the S-Albuterol available in one preparation than in the other. According to studies, it is apparent that both albuterol and Levalbuterol are effective and safe, whilst employed in constant form in the treatment of asthma. Nevertheless, studies have revealed that albuterol might be superior compared to Levalbuterol. For decades, inhaled -agonists, including racemic Albuterol have been evidenced to be the basis of therapy of asthma exacerbation. Albuterol encompasses the same amount of contents of two enantiomers- (S)-Albuterol and (R)-Albuterol (Volcheck et al., 2005; Ralston et al., 2005). Some clinicians perceived that (R)-isomer was to blame for the bronchodilatory impacts of racemic Albuterol in addition to other side impacts including vomiting, tachycardia and tremor. The (S)-isomer was deemed of being biologically dormant. Studies carried out contemporarily revealed that in the racemic mixture, the S-enantiomer might amplify airway hyperresponsiveness and, activate eosinophils, impacts that might turn out being harmful to asthmatics (Volcheck et al., 2005). Presently, A B-agonist that comprise of levalbuterol is commercially available. In the past ten years, various studies have been conducted to compare the efficiency of various doses of racemic Albuterol with Levalbuterol the treatment o f asthma exacerbations frequently with conflicting outcomes (Ralston et al., 2005). The efficacy and safety of Levalbuterol in the treatment of asthma has been established very well. It has been shown that it is frequently advantageous to make use of continuous or larger treatments which contains -agonists for controlling considerable asthma exacerbations efficiently ad more quickly in emergency rooms (Carl et al., 2003). According to Carl et al (2003), studies have also been carried out to compare racemic Albuterol with chronic-dose nebulized Levalbuterol in the inpatient situation. This research paper will focus on Albuterol versus Levalbuterol in Asthma. Description of Asthma Asthma is the general chronic disease that affects the airways, which have the role of carrying air in and from the lungs (Mason et al., 2005). The disease is characterized by recurring and variable symptoms including coughing, wheezing, breath shortness and chest tightness. The disease is classified as non-atopic or atopic; or according to (FEV1). Asthma is believed to be caused by a mixture of environmental and generic factors (Mason et al., 2005). The symptoms can be avoided by preventing triggers and they can also be treated using various medications. Pharmacodynamics/Pharmacokinetics There are two medications that are used to treat asthma: long-term control applied to prevent supplementary exacerbation, and quick-relief that is applied to treat the symptoms of acute. The first line for treating the symptoms of asthma is the short acting beta2 adrenoceptor agonists (SABA), likes albuterol and levalbuterol. In case of severe symptoms, which cannot be controlled by SABA, anticholinergic like ipratropium bromide can be applied in order to provide an extra value. For the long-term control, glucocortcoids treatments are the effective ones in asthma. Long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonists (LABA) can also be applied, as they can work for about 12 hours effectively. The LABA is only used together with a steroid as a result of overwhelmed jeopardy of the stern symptoms. There are other alternative to gasped glucocorticoids, which are not very much preferred, such as mast cell stabilizers (i.e cromolyn sodium) and leukotriene (i.e zafirlukast). Albuterol is normally used by the inhaled path for exact upshot on bronchial downy muscle. This is attained through a neubulizer and metered dose inhaler among other delivery devise. Levalbuterol relaxes the fine muscles of the entire airways, starting from the trachea up to the terminal bronchioles. Levalbuterol works like a pratical antagonist, which causes a relaxation in the airway despite the involvement of the spasmogen, thus shielding the challenges of bronchoconstrictor. The side effect of Albuterol and Levalbuterol is that they can cause cardiovascular in some patients, as measured by blood pressure, pulse rate, symptoms and electrocardiographic. The physical structure and actual chemical is the only difference between the Albuterol from Levalbuterol (Gumbhir-Shah et al, 1998). Research According to studies, Levalbuterol development is based on its advantages over the racemic Albuterol. They include; lesser episodes of the ephemeral tachycardia, a higher efficacy as well as a better tolerability (Hulisz, 2010). Schreck and Babin (2005) designate the patients who benefit most from the Levalbuterol treatment. In the pediatric and adult asthmatic patients, laboratory test have revealed that there is a lower average heart rate in the patients using Levalbuterol as compared to those using Albuterol. It is apparent that the degree of the difference is diffident (Ralston et al., 2005). Its use could be of paramount to patients having a history of structural heart disease, arrhythmias, or cardiac conditions such as the decompensated heart failure, which could get worse with a tachycardia episode (Hulisz, 2010). According to some scholars, there is no notable difference in the average heart rate if both the Albuterol and Levalbuterol medication are compared head to head (Hulisz, 2010). Due to the fact that severe impacts of high heart rate are a common phenomenon to all the equimolar doses and beta agonists of the racemic Albuterol and Levalbuterol are projected to lead to the same extent of tachycardia (Schreck and Babin, 2005). According to Schreck and Babin (2005) hether levalbuterol is tolerated well than albuterol is somewhat controversial. It is evident that chronic dose of racemic Albuterol have a number of adverse effects which include tachyphylaxis, hypokalemia, and high mortality rate. The S- Albuterol does not have bronchodilator activity. Its metabolism process is 10 times slower as compared to that of Levalbuterol (Hulisz, 2010). Researchers have theorized those negative effects as proinflammatory effects and the worsening airway reactivity. It leads to preferential accumulation of the (S)-isomer over (R)-albuterol in the lung, potentially resulting in paradoxical bronchospasm (Hulisz, 2010). A group of researchers (Carl et al., 2003) performed a comparison of the impacts of nebulized Levalbuterol with those of racemic Albuterol in 627 adults who were suffering from chronic asthma. Randomly, the patients were assigned to receive Albuterol and Levalbuterol 2.5mg and 1.25mg respectively every 20 min upon emergency admission, and then, 40 min for at least 3 additional doses, and then, as frequently as clinically required for twenty-four hours. All patients were also given prednisone 40mg (Carl et al., 2003). Levalbuterol heightened forced expiratory volume by about 40 percent as compared the racemic Albuterol. This resulted to a 40% reduction necessary hospitalization as compared to the Albuterol. The benefits of the Levalbuterol were apparent particularly to the patients with chronic asthma and had high levels of S- Albuterol that is higher than 1095mg/ml (Carl et al., 2003). As revealed by studies, increased circulating levels of the S- Albuterol are perceived to be a cons equence of an overdose of racemic Albuterol. The number of asthma relapses that occurred 30 days after acute exacerbation did not differ between the 2 groups (Hulisz, 2010). Apparently, the numbers of nebulizations required with Levalbuterol were lesser (Hulisz, 2010). There was no need to increase the for rescue aerosols during the 14 days of hospitalization. Another study carried out by Ralston et al (2005 on the hospitalized asthmatic patients, similar conclusions were reached. It is quite evident that the Levalbuterol benefits over Albuterol benefits were more on the moderate to severe asthmatic patients and in particular, those who had taken Albuterol in excess (Volcheck et al., 2005). Comparing Albuterol and Levalbuterol, it is vital to consider their costs. Before the year 2009, generic formulations of Albuterol metered-dose inhaler (MDI) was extensively available and in fact was much cheaper compared to branded Albuterol such as Ventolin, Proventi, and Levalbuterol (Hulisz, 2010). Most metered-dose inhaler formulations consisted of chlorofluorocarbons and in addition, they are not currently available for commercial use as the Food and Drug Administration prohibited them as a result of environmental reasons. Generic Albuterol MDI is not presently available in the market. On the other hand, Levalbuterol nebulization is significantly more expensive compared to Albuterol nebulization (Volcheck et al., 2005; Schreck and Babin, 2005). As a result of the study limitations and the increased costs of Levalbuterol, for instance, inadequate power and small sample size, some individuals have wind up that the employment of Levalbuterol instead of Albuterol is not greatly backed by the literature(Volcheck et al., 2005). Some people argue that Levalbuterol may be used in place of racemic Albuterol in various circumstances including the following: Patients who habitually experience troublesome tachycardia with Albuterol and do not like making use of it. Patients suffering from COPD or asthma among other simultaneous cardiac disease, and in particular if such conditions could possibly become worse with tachycardia, for instance, decompensated heart failure, inadequately controlled cardiac arrhythmias, and valvular heart disease. Patients who have asthma that is more critical and who require recurrent doses of a beta-2 agonist in spite of suitable employment of controller therapies (Hulisz, 2010). In comparing the two kinds of asthma treatments, which include the Albuterol and the Levalbuterol, a study was performed on 362 asthmatics of 12 years and above. At random, the subjects received the nebulized treatment at least three times per day. The dosage was as follows; Levalbuterol 0.625 mg, Levalbuterol 1.25 mg, 1.25 mg of racemic Albuterol, 2.5 mg of racemic Albuterol, or placebo(Gumbhir-Shah et al,1998). Serial pulmonary function testing with spirometry was performed after two and four weeks respectively (Gumbhir-Shah et al, 1998). The main change in the FEV1 was remarkably higher than that of placebo for the initial dose given to all the treated groups. The average peak change in FEV1 at baseline was as follows 0.92 and 0.82L, respectively; p=0.03 (Van Essen-Zandvliet and Hughes, 1992). This was a change noticed not after the four weeks and it was evidently found to be higher in the combined group of Levalbuterol as compared to the combined group of racemic Albuterol. In order to establish the result of chronic dosing on the functioning of the lungs, the average prior dose FEV1 at the fourth week in a comparison made at the baseline for all patients and for the subset of patients who did not receive inhaled corticosteroids was examined (Van Essen-Zandvliet and Hughes, 1992). There was a 0.1-liter improvement (about 6%) in predose FEV1 in the subjects receiving Levalbuterol and those on placebo and none in subjects on racemic Albuterol (Van Essen-Zandvliet and Hughes, 1992). In the case of patients who are not on inhaled corticosteroids, there was a difference of a 0.13 and 0.31 which is equivalent to 7 and 15% respectively dissimilarity between pre-dose FEV1 in subjects getting 0.625 mg and 1.25 mg of Levalbuterol when related with the ones getting 1.25 and 2.5 mg of racemic Albuterol, correspondingly. As noted the best development was in the 1.25 mg Levalbuterol section of the study. The later findings suggest in exact that constant dosing with racemic Albuterol may in real sense slow down functions of the lung as the 4-week pulmonary function values were a bit lower than bottom line in the racemic Albuterol group Side effects comprised of a raise in heart rate following dosing which was considerably more for racemic Albuterol 2.5 mg in comparison to Levalbuterol 0.625 mg at 4 weeks regardless of related improvements in the functions of the pulmonary (Gumbhir-Shah et al, 1998). The rescue Albuterol cure cutback was also relatively lower simply in the Levalbuterol 1.25 mg faction (Van Essen-Zandvliet and Hughes, 1992). There is a development in the function of the lung following dosing with Levalbuterol 1.25 mg Levalbuterol 0.625 mg = racemic Albuterol 2.5 mgracemic Albuterol 1.25 mg. Additionally, rescue Albuterol prescriptiion application was slighter with the Levalbuterol 1.25 mg organization and there is a proposal of a decrease in the function of the lung with constant dosing occurring with racemic Albuterol (in relation to placebo). A less double blind single dose, dose- range research studied asthmatics in 20 cases in a five-way intersect studying at effectiveness of three doses of Levalbuterol(0.31, 0.63 and 1.25mg), placebo and racemic Albuterol at 2.5 mg nebulization (Keir et al, 2002). The major result variables were: 1) the general adjustment in FEV1 from pre-dose to 6 hours post-dose, 2) the point to commencement of bronchodilation distinct as point from dosing waiting at least a 15% progress in FEV1 was noted, 3) the period of outcome, or the period the FEV1 was maintained over bottom line(Gumbhir-Shah et al, 1998). All the dynamic cure groups registered an improvement in FEV1 of 28-32% (more than 15%) in 15 minutes of treatment in comparison with placebo. The development in FEV1 over 15% was maintained for like 4 hours in the Levalbuterol 0.63 and 1.25 mg groups and in the racemic Albuterol group. The highest period of outcome for upholding an FEV1 over 15% of predose was with Levalbuterol 1.25 mg (mean time of 275 minutes), then Levalbuterol 0.63 mg (mean time 237 minutes) and racemic Albuterol 2.5 mg(mean time 221 minutes). Another dose ranging research involving 20 cases of asthma in a random, double-blind, 4-way intersect research made of 4 learning days each one divided by at lest 3 day failure period was carried out and Glaxo, a maker of racemic Albuterol, supported it (Keir et al, 2002). On a particular day these doses were given in an increasing manner at 25 minute intervals: 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, and 1,600ug for R-or S-Albuterol and 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1,600, and 3,200ug for (R, S)-Albuterol together with placebo doses single day in the 4 days. The findings of the research evidently demonstrate a dose-related progress in FEV1 and consequences reliant on the quantity of (R)-Albuterol substance only, if or not (R)-Albuterol or (R, S)-Albuterol was utilized. None of the results were noted with (S)-Albuterol or placebo. A study based on pediatric researched on racemic Albuterol and Levalbuterol in 28 cases of children with asthma aged between 6 to 11 (Keir et al, 2002). The research was a random double blind intersect study looking at single doses in groups of seven: 0.16, 0.31, 0.63, and 1.25 mg of Levalbuterol, placebo, and 1.25 and 2.5 mg of racemic Albuterol. Visits were programmed from 2 to 8 days spaced out with sequential dimensions of spirometry at bottom line to 6 hours post inhaling dose. Racemic Albuterol was withdrawn for not less than 8 hours to the research. Clear results in the research were bigger progress in the function of the lung with 1.25 mg of Levalbuterol in comparison to 2.5 mg of racemic, Albuterol and what seemed to be a simple dose reaction connection between serum treatment levels of Levalbuterol and function of the lung, a thing that has not been there previously when using Albuterol. Effects of the heart rate depended on the dose of Levalbuterol administered (Gumbhir-Shah et al, 1998). A great study based on pediatrics assessed constant dosing with Levalbuterol and racemic Albuterol in asthmatics cases of 338 pediatrics, aged between 4 and 11 years (Keir et al, 2002). Qualified cases were administered nebulization for three times a day treatment for twenty-one days for one of the 5 treatments: Levalbuterol 0.31 or 0.63 mg, placebo, or racemic Albuterol at 1.25 or 2.5 mg. The trial was a random, double blind. The major endpoint was FEV1 climax percent modification on the 21st day past treatment in comparison to bottom line prior to cure on the zero day. All the dynamic treatments became better considerably in comparison to placebo on the 21st day similar to the major endpoint. Levalbuterol at doses of 0.31 and 0.63 mg seemed to be alike in result to racemic Albuterol at 1.25 and 2.5 mg with related or fewer consequences. It was suggested that asthmatic children aged 4 to 11 were supposed to start with a dose of Levalbuterol of 0.31 mg once administered for soft to temperate constant asthma (Gumbhir-Shah et al, 1998). An extremely fascinating demonstration chart evaluation research undertaken, made use of a hospitals changeover strategy in the application of Albuterol (Gumbhir-Shah et al, 1998)). The research looked at Albuterol application in the two 6-month periods July 1 to December 31, 1998 and July 1 to December 31, 1999. The principal proven endpoint of the research was the entire amount of nebulizer treatments essential of patients admitted in hospitals with COPD or asthma in those two point periods. In the primary time stage, only racemic Albuterol was applied for nebulization at 2.5 mg every 4 hours as required medically. In the other time stage, the hospital switched over to Levalbuterol nebulization of 1.25 mg every 8 hours as required medically. Patients treated using Levalbuterol needed considerably less 2-agonist and ipratropium bromide treatments in hospitalized sick ones in relation to racemic Albuterol (Gumbhir-Shah et al, 1998)). It translated to an average entire price of nebulizer therapy that was considerably bigger in patients hospitalized with COPD and asthma in racemic Albuterol patients treated in comparison to Levalbuterol administered patients. After calculating for analysis, bottom-line FEV1, and ipratropium application, Levalbuterol was related with a lessened span of stay in the hospital, overall cost reserves and a reduction in the possibility of readmission in hospitals. In general, Levalbuterol seems to progress pulmonary task to a faintly better degree and last slightly longer than racemic Albuterol for the equal dose of R-Albuterol. The development in pulmonary role is related to 2.5 mg of racemic Albuterol and 0.625 mg of Levalbuterol with reduced toxicity with the second. Albuterol general toxicity follows the total amount of R-Albuterol there in a particular preparation. To add to this, there seems to be a better overall expenditure savings with Levalbuterol in comparison to racemic Albuterol. The expenditure savings appears to be connected to a decrease in duration of hospital stay and a decrease in the entire nebulization therapy when Levalbuterol is applied in relation to racemic Albuterol. The etiologic causes in these variations are vague but might be linked to the S-Albuterol available in one preparation than in the other. According to studies, it is apparent that both albuterol and Levalbuterol are effective and safe whilst employed in c onstant form in the treatment of asthma (Schreck and Babin, 2005). Nevertheless, studies have revealed that albuterol might be superior compared to Levalbuterol. Buy custom Asthma essay

Autobiographical Incident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Autobiographical Incident - Essay Example Some are funny and some might be very serious to talk about. However, the changes brought by such incidents on life always depend upon the severity of the happening. Here I would like to describe a personal experience that has positively affected my life and thought. This incidence always helps me to remain optimistic in my approach and vision. During last New Year holidays, I was busy in shopping with my friends at Holiday Markets in New York City. These markets offer greatest hits for lots of gifts so we were having a great time buying little packages for our family. Later on, we enjoyed coffee and sandwiches. It was hustle and bustle all around. All the shops were glowing with beautiful lights that also brightened up the whole stuff present in the shops. Just finishing the shopping, we planned to go back with our tokens of love for our family. At that moment when I was walking down the stairs of the last shop, I noticed a person who was crossing the road. This guy was physically disabled. He had both the hand missing and had only one leg. It appeared that he had passed through a terrible accident earlier. It was disgusting looking at an incomplete guy who was young and might have many dreams that cannot be fulfilled because of his filthy condition. However what made me so surprised was a glow and a smile on his face even after such a terrible experience. His face had an unlimited peace. I was wondering as for how he could grin in spite of being in a miserable state. I was so confused at that moment and wished to know the hidden truth behind that peaceful smile. This wish compelled me to go and ask what happened to him and what made him so relaxed even after such a bad experience. I crossed the road and reached nearby. I asked the guy what made him so relaxed in such circumstances. He told that for him happiness is not a matter of external events but it always lies how we react towards odd situations. Our mental attitude plays a great role in real life.

Impact of the Black Death Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Impact of the Black Death - Term Paper Example Fathers left diseased children and wives left husbands, such was the situation back then. Between 1347 and 1351, it killed nearly 30% of the European population and a phenomenon known as depopulation occurred. Not only that but also economic, political and cultural changes were brought about by plague. Victims of plague died every day and there was no one to claim their bodies or no one to bury them (Gottfried, 1983). The Black Death was also there in Asia and the Middle East during 1347-51, simultaneously with Western Europe (Peschke, 2008). The economic impact of the Black Death was that it favored the peasants more than the landowners or the elites. Impact Before the Black Death period, Europe was reaping the fruit of its growth. There was an agricultural revolution at the start of the 14th century in Europe and food production increased and the area under cultivation increased. However there was a famine for two years in Europe (1315 to 1317) but the growth far surpassed it. But the growth period came to an end in1347 when Europe was struck by the Black Death, which left the entire Europe in pessimism and melancholy (Peschke, 2008). Investigating the effects of plague was important in knowing the economic and demographic trends as a lot of controversies were involved. One of the controversies was that deaths were not caused by plague but because the Jews had poisoned the water wells. Innocent Jews were killed, not by plague but by the people who held them guilty for the chronic depopulation (Peschke, 2008). One of the most affected European countries was Italy, so in-depth studies to find out the causes and remedies for plague were very necessary. The Black Death was an outcome of bubonic, pneumonic and septicaemic symptoms of plague. The Black Death was a part of the second plague pandemic, as it was its first epidemic and it recurred in the eighteenth century. Before Europe was hit by plague, it was dominated by aristocrats and religious leaders as they o wned property and ruled over peasants and the working class in general. Labor was underpaid and abundant in supply but after plague, when chronic depopulation occurred, technological methods were introduced to meet the shortage of workers and overtime, it became good substitutes for human labor (Bowsky, 1964). There are various viewpoints for the Black Death as some historians believe that the impact of the Black Death was transient while others believe that it was the main driving force which revolutionized medieval Europe into modern Europe. Some religious leaders like Cardinal F. A. Gasquet associate the Black Death with the downfall of the Christian church. Monasticism was particularly more adversely affected by the Black Death. Whereas there were also some optimists like G. G. Coulton, who viewed the effects of depopulation as beneficial for the ones who survived, as they had more wealth per head and as a result the advent of the Renaissance and Protestant Reformation was made possible. Besides that, the Black Death also had a psychological impact as the survivors were disturbed by the massive wave of plague and the way it killed so many of the people they knew or were related to. Some people are of the opinion that the Black Death was too massive a blow to Europe and hence they categorize it under the three worst catastrophes that ever took place on the face of this earth. With time, people forget how huge the impact of a particular catastrophe was. For instance some Marxists and non-Marxist both sideline the Black Death as a part of a crisis, rather than being the main crisis itself (Gottfried, 1983). Europe was dominated by feudalism before the end of the 13th century and peasants were paid less, even though they worked a lot. But after the end of