Understanding The Face Of Christianity - 1746 Words

Secular Humaism states that matter is perpetual, that there is no God, that man and his atmosphere are the results of evolutionary forces. For humanists, all meaning and purpose in human existence is provided on a human scale. Humanists have faith that we can provide all the meaning we need ourselves, from our concerns, out of our own ideas and philosophies. This paper will reinforce how in the face of Christianity these meanings and purposes dissolve into absolute and utter insignificance. Christainity, on the other hand gives a more solid and substanitial foundation in that it teaches the exact opposite of these things. That God is everlasting, man does have an immortal soul, that there is a heaven, hell and a guaranteed and prearranged redemption that lie in wait for him. When it comes to ultimate reality, the secular humanists have self-confidence in evolution, that man, his body, his mind and his soul were not supernaturally designed but are all products of evolution. The biological astetic is central and core to man’s development, orgin and exsistance. This was an spontaneous effect of an impersonal being and structure in which their was no supreme being or diety involved in the creation. However Christians accept as true one Deity whos act of love, created the universe and all things therein. Since it was fashioned in love, everything in creation is virtuous and special to God. Christians accentuate God s paternal affection in specific, schooling that God formedShow MoreRelatedHow Is Christianity Living and Dynamic and How Does It Answer the Enduring Questions of Life?1271 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity is a faith based religious tradition, of which the follower is considered to be a Christian adherent. Thus, being a living tradition, Christianity is continually subject to change in accordance to the needs of the adherent and reaffirming the Christian tradition within a contemporary context. The aspects, which attribute the present existence of Christianity and its dynamism therein, include sacred texts and writings, ritual and ceremonies, beliefs and believers, and ethics. UltimatelyRead MoreChristianity Is A Religion Based On The Person And God1479 Words   |à ‚  6 Pagespeople in the World who follow and support the Catholic Church. Christianity is a religion based on the person and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Ever since Christianity started to emerge in the mid-first century it has only increased in size and became even more powerful now than in the origins of the Religion. Jesus Christ is considered to be the Son of God and through the Bible’s scriptures that include many sacred writings of Christianity it has given people hope and more importantly something toRead MoreThe Sacred Texts And Writings1423 Words   |  6 Pagesdeliberated as supportive indication of understanding the principle beliefs of Christianity which include the divinity and humanity of Jesus Christ, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ, the nature of god and the nature of trinity, revelation and salvation. This essay aim’s at assessing the significant role of the sacred text in providing authentic information in regards to sacred texts. The role of the sacred text is of major significant in understanding Christian principal beliefs and this isRead MoreStudy Of The Christianity Culture I Have Conducted A Participant Observation Research Essay798 Words   |  4 PagesObservation #1 Date mp; Time:October 9, 2016 at10:00 location: Rutland Road Nostrand. Study of the Christianity culture I have conducted a participant observation research in an christain church. As I gathered myself in church Sunday morning, I was anxious to participate in a religious ritualRead MoreThe Conversion Of Religion And Culture889 Words   |  4 PagesThe Jesuits finally reached their goal of religious autonomy in the 1670s. After the Indians had witnessed France’s military capabilities, Jean Pierron used the prospect of diminishing French trust to instigate the Iroquois-Mohawks to adopt Christianity. Pierron began by citing the fact that Christian beliefs were vastly different from animism. He went on to threaten them by stating that, â€Å"we (the French) shall never believe that you wish to live on good terms with us until you serve the same MasterRead MoreThe Lost but Found Sheep1464 Words   |  6 PagesChristianity. This word brings a lot of mixed thoughts in one’s head especially for those people who do not understand the concept of this religion, such as the people of Rome in early times. â€Å" †¦ And by a distinction between the sea sons which is due to God’s arrangement, set aside some for festivals, others for times of sorrow- merely to suit their own inclinations! Who can consider this a proof of religion, and not, rather, of lack of understanding?† (The Epistle to Diognetus) Christianity was seenRead MoreLetters from a Skeptic1660 Words   |  7 PagesChristiane Desir Letters From A Skeptic How do you convert a skeptic? This is the central issue Dr. Gregory Boyd faces when he invites his father to partake in several correspondences about Christianity. Dr. Gregory Boyd is a theology professor at Bethel College. He currently lives in St. Paul, Minnesota with his wife and three children. He completed his Bachelors from the University of Minnesota, attended Yale Divinity School, and completed his Ph.D. from Princeton Theological Seminary. BesidesRead MoreSpiritual Perspectives On Health And Health993 Words   |  4 Pagesunderstand the patient’s view of health in order to comprehend the needs for healing. Health. The definition of health does not always mean free from disease or illness as explained Shelly and Miller (2006) through the concept of shalom. In the Christianity philosophy of health or shalom, is found when a person is at peace as they live in a relationship with God, with the people around them, with the environment as well as themselves. A similar belief seen in the Islamic faith is mentioned by LoveringRead More4-Mat Review System: Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity1397 Words   |  6 Pages4-MAT Review System: Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Keyanna Hawkins Liberty University A 4-MAT Review System: Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity Summary In the book Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity, David N. Entwistle explores the relationship between theology and psychology. Throughout time, intellectuals have supported or dismissed the idea of integrating both perspectives. In his book, Entwistle states that during theRead MoreThe Question of God: C.S. Lewis and Sigmund Freud Debate God, Love, Sex and the Meaning of Life783 Words   |  4 Pagesother’s worldview. Nicholi points out that Lewis may have had an advantage in the understanding of the unbeliever’s worldview due to the fact that until the age of 30, he claimed to be â€Å"even more certain of his atheism than was Freud† (2002, Pg. 81). In his adult life, Freud had no dramatic change of worldview from believer to unbeliever like Lewis had. This fact may give Lewis a slight upper hand in the understanding of the unbeliever’s worldview; however, Freud was still one of the greatest minds

Essay about Boys Short Story Analysis - 998 Words

â€Å"Boys† By: Rick Moody Rebeca Montesinos February 10, 2011 Micheline Maylor English 1118 Energy is one of the single most important concepts to keep in mind when writing, it can make even the most insignificant occurrences interesting. Energy plays with the reader’s senses combining subject matter, leaps/ spacing and words into one to create a fascinating piece of work. â€Å"Good writers choose a topic they know a lot about—relationships, travel, growing up, bedrooms, hotels, restaurants, the synagogue on 42nd Street—and they trust that they will discover things about the topic as they work.† (Sellers 71) Rick Moody author of â€Å"Boys† has taken a relatable topic the process of growing up and has turned a thirty year frame into a condensed†¦show more content†¦The sharpness that the italics create plays an important role in the energy and pace of the piece, forcing you to slow down when encountering an italicized word changing the variation of the story as you read. As you read not only has wording made an influence in the p iece but also incorporated is a different point of view. â€Å"Boys† is introduced to us in third person offering us a long distances shot of the progress as the boys age. In an interview Rick Moody states that the third person is the mother of the boys, narrating the story in an â€Å"understated way, she is the perceiver, their mother is the center piece of the story.† (Rick Moody) Viewing the story from a higher place gives the reader a sense of intimacy with the narrator being able to perceive the lives of the characters the â€Å"boys† in a different light, the reader becomes a witness to the events in the progression of the â€Å"boys’† lives. The different styles of writing and wording that Moody used throughout his piece created and maintained a continuous pace. This pace allows the reader along with the narrator to become a part of the ‘boys’† aging process. Lastly, his choice of topic adds to the energy of the story, he begins his piece inspired by someone else’s, creates a variation of sentences based on the phrase â€Å"the boys entered the house† and then writes what he knows and incorporates personal aspects ofShow MoreRelateda dark brown dog Essay example899 Words   |  4 PagesDark Brown Dog† Analysis In Stephen Crane’s short story of â€Å"A Dark Brown Dog†, he writes about a young boy who finds, neglects, and befriends a ragged puppy, with a rope dragging the ground, when they meet. The boy takes fun in abusing the puppy, but when he tires of this he makes his way home. The puppy, even though the boy was not nice, starts to follows the boy home. When arriving home the boy defends the puppy to claiming him as his own. The boy’s father agrees to allow the boy to keep the puppyRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Half A Day 1057 Words   |  5 Pages Single Character Analysis Name Institution Single Character Analysis The character analyzed in this paper is from Naguib Mahfouz’s short story, â€Å"Half a Day.† The major character selected for analysis is the narrator, who represents a character of a young boy oblivious of the significance of education (Laurie Stephen, 2012). Unlike other characters used in â€Å"Half a Day†, Naguib exhibits the young boy as a conspicuous element throughout the story by placing him in the first person characterRead MoreAnalysis Of To Build A Fire By Jack London1006 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story, â€Å"To Build a Fire,† written by Jack London took place on the Yukon trail. Further analysis led to the discovery that the story took place in Alaska. The setting became an important aspect within this story due to how much description was given to how cold it was. The cold weather suggests that the time of year was during the winter months. The setting of the story reminds readers that there are harsh places in the world, where n ature becomes overwhelmingly powerful. The short storyRead MoreAnalysis the Grasshopper and the Bell Cricket584 Words   |  3 PagesANALYSIS THE GRASSHOPPER AND THE BELL CRICKET BY: YASUNARI KAWABATA †The grasshopper and the bell cricket† is a short story, written by Yasunari Kawabata, written in a narrative perspective of someone watching children searching for insects using colored and decorated lanterns. I would like to think that the author is trying to symbolize life, and that it is not only one path to go. We are all aiming for acceptance and to fit in to the society, but this story tells us that The author, whoRead MoreSon of Satan1021 Words   |  5 PagesAnalysis and interpretation of Charles Bukowski’s short story â€Å"Son of Satan†. Rebellious behavior of today’s youth and vulgar vocabulary in early age can be developed by domestic violence, economic hardship and the loneliness caused by paternal indifference. This short story shows how important a good parenting and upbringing is and to maintain an image in front of your child, because the fact is that you become like your parents. The short story takes place in America and the reader gets theRead MoreThe Tone and Style of Ralph Ellisons Battle Royal Essay963 Words   |  4 PagesA short analysis of the major theme found in Ellison’s Battle Royal, supported by a literary criticism dealing with the tone and style of the story. Introduction: Ralph Ellison’s short story, Battle Royal, is mainly an account of the African American struggle for equality and identity. The narrator of the story is an above average youth of the African American community [Goldstein-Shirlet, 1999]. He is given an opportunity to give a speech to some of the more prestigious white individuals. HisRead MoreThe Last Spin by Evan Hunter Essay776 Words   |  4 PagesThe Last Spin by Evan Hunter Short Story Analysis How does the author position the reader towards the major theme using the narrative elements? Gangs affect everyone lives especially the people in the gang because other members make you do things that you don’t want to do or that is dangerous towards you or yourself. ‘The Last Spin’ by Evan Hunter is a short story about two boys from opposite gangs that were forced to settle an argument over territory. They did this by playing an extremely dangerousRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson974 Words   |  4 Pages I. Introduction a. Lead in Destructiveness and constructiveness are equally intrinsic characteristics of human nature. b. Background In the short story â€Å"The Lottery,† the inhabitants of a village participate in a lottery, which is essentially a tradition for them. However, the villagers are oblivious to the true consequences and destructiveness of their death ritual. One June day each year, the lottery is conducted and the â€Å"winner† is violently stoned to death. The very same day, the villagersRead More`` Araby `` By James Joyce1451 Words   |  6 Pageswrote fifteen short stories that depict Irish middle class life in Dublin, Ireland during the early years of the twentieth century. He entitled the compilation of these short stories Dubliners. The protagonist in each of these stories, shares a desire for change. This common interest motivates the protagonist and helps them to move forward in their lives. Additionally, the protagonist has an epiphany, or moment of realization or transformation. In â€Å"Araby†, the narrator is an unnamed boy who has theseRead More Litera ry Analysis of Barn Burning Essay example936 Words   |  4 PagesA Literary Analysis of Barn Burning At first glance, the story â€Å"Barn burning† seems just to be about a tyrannical father and a son who is in the grips of that tyranny. I think Faulkner explores at least one important philosophical question in this story were he asks at what point should a person make a choice between what his parent(s) and / or family believes and his own values? The main character and protagonist in this story is a boy named Colonel Sartoris. In this story, Sarty is faced

How Procter and Gamble Moved to Electronic Documents Free Essays

The Business Problem PG faced problems managing the vast amounts of paper required for a company that develops drugs and over-the-counter (OTC) medications. Regulatory issues, research and development (RD), and potential litigation generate even more paper documents and files. As a result, PG wanted to gain control of its company documents, reduce administrative oversight of its paper documents, reduce costs, accelerate RD initiatives, and improve tracking and signature compliance. We will write a custom essay sample on How Procter and Gamble Moved to Electronic Documents or any similar topic only for you Order Now PG decided to adopt an electronic document management system. When PG moved to electronic documents, it had to ensure that it could authenticate digital signatures and build signing and storage processes into its daily workflow. Further, PG’s legal department wanted to ensure that it had a legally enforceable signature on file. The IT Solution PG turned to IT integrator Cardinal Solutions (www. cardinalsolutions. com) to implement Adobe LiveCycle Reader Extensions and Adobe LiveCycle PDF Generator (www. adobe. com), which would function with PG’s eLab Notebook program. These software packages would manage, review, approve, and sign the huge volume of RD information, including files created with Microsoft Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. PG adopted the pharmaceutical industry’s Signatures and Authentication for Everyone (SAFE) BioPharma Association standard. This standard was established to help companies go paperless and still interact with regulatory authorities on a global scale. PG’s initiative focused on implementing methods to manage digital signatures and creating a method to confirm the identity of the signer. The company’s IT and legal departments agreed that the standard met the company’s business needs and risk requirements. Instead of recording information from experiments in paper notebooks – along with numbering each page, signing it and having a witness sign it – researchers can now use word processing programs, spreadsheets, presentation software, and similar tools to generate project notes and other necessary documentation. After a researcher has collected all the data, LiveCycle PDG Generator creates a PDF document and prompts the person creating the file to add a digital signature. The system requires the use of a USB token for authentication. At that point, LiveCycle Reader Extensions embeds usage rights within the document. The Result Today, once a digital signature is added to a file, an auditor can immediately view the document and all activity related to the document. The auditor right-clicks on the signature and views the entire audit trail. The signature can also be appended as a last page of the file so that it can be shared externally when necessary, such as in a court of law. The system saves PG time and money. Researchers no longer have to spend several hours per week archiving paper files from their experiments. In addition, PG is able to quickly retrieve large volumes of data that may be needed for government regulators or business partners. PG projects that it will achieve tens of millions of dollars in productivity gains by using the system. The typical employee will save approximately 30 minutes of signing and archiving time per week.. How to cite How Procter and Gamble Moved to Electronic Documents, Papers

Includes All The Statutory Requirements †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Includes All The Statutory Requirements? Answer: Introducation The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) includes all the statutory requirements, remedies or courses of actions that would provide a guideline for the individuals and businesses who are dealing in commerce or trade. The ACL Act is the national law that deals with fair consumer and trading protection. The ACL also entails that a term of a consumer contract is void if the terms of the contract is unfair and the contract is a standard form of contract[1]. The contracts for sale between an individual as buyer and the developer as seller are considered standard form of contracts unless established otherwise. A consumer contract under the ACL refers to any contract for the sale or grant of a interest in land to any individual either predominantly or wholly for household, domestic or personal purpose. In order to determine whether a sale contract or a contract for grant f interest is a consumer contract under the ACL, the court shall consider the intention of the purchaser. In case land purchased in not used for private purposes, such contracts shall not be subject to the Australian Consumer Law[2]. As per Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, a contract for sale shall be considered as consumer contract under the Australian Consumer law provided such land be held for any household purpose as was found by the Supreme Court of West Australia in OPR WA Pty Ltd v Marron [2016] WASC 395. In case such land is held for the purpose of business investment, it shall be considered as a consumer contract under the Australian Consumer Law. The judgment of the court in this case establishes the fact that all lands purchased for household or private purposes shall be governed by the ACL. The ACL imposes certain limitations on the sellers and at the same time, endows the buyers with consumer guarantee with respect to the manner of carrying out the business operations. The limitations imposed upon the seller include application of deceptive or misleading conduct, use of unfair terms and bait advertisements. The paper entails about the impact, the Australian Consumer Law has on the sale of land with respect to unfair contract terms and misrepresentation. Unfair Contract terms The Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act (No. 1) 2010 (the ACL) aims at regulating unfair terms in standard form consumer contracts. The statute has substantial impact on developers contracts in relation to individuals[3]. After the commencement of the statute, the provisions for unfair terms stipulated under the statute that any unfair terms used in the standard form of contracts shall be considered as void and unenforceable. The ACL has laid down the terms that shall be considered as unfair terms, which are as follows: Any term that leads to a substantial imbalance in the rights and obligations of the parties; Any term that is not rationally necessary to safeguard the genuine interests of the developer; and, Any term that would be unfavorable for the purchaser, both financially or otherwise, if the purchaser relies on such terms; Although several clauses are incorporated in a developers contract that tends to result in favor of the developer and provides him with flexibility to complete the development project, but in order to establish the infringement of the ACL provisions, it is important to prove that the imbalance on part of the developer was significant. Further, in order to determine whether any particular term is necessary to safeguard the interests of the developer, the developer is required to provide evidence about the market in which they function, the economic factors that are imposed by the financiers, planning schemes and other regulations of the councils that provides the developer with a level of flexibility[4]. The statute requires the developers to ensure that their contracts include provision that provide discretion to the extent it is necessary to deliver finished products to the consumers and it must not provide any additional freedom as it would otherwise amount to unfair contractual terms. The terms that are not considered as unfair include the following: any term that defines the subject matter of the contract; any term that highlights the upfront price payable under the developers contract; any tern that is expressly allowed or are required to be incorporated by the state or Commonwealth law; As discussed, earlier about the restrictions that are imposed on the businesses with respect to the incorporation of the unfair terms in a standard form of consumer contracts, consumers are often made to sign standard contracts relating to the sale of land[5]. The new provisions related to unfair contracts terms purports to create transparent contracts in relation to consumer transactions with a view to deal with the risk that may arise with respect to such contracts. The terms would also serve the purpose of preventing the businesses from incorporating terms that may be unfavorable to the legitimate interest of the consumers. The incorporation of section 23 of the ACL stipulates that a term shall be considered void if such term is unfair and it affects the legitimate interest of the consumers. Further, the provisions of ACL are applicable only to transactions the value of which do not exceed $40000 or for transactions that are made to serve household and private purposes[6]. Thus, if the sale of land is made for household purpose, it shall become subject to the provisions of unfair terms stipulated under the contract. According to the definition of interest of land mentioned under Schedule 1, section 2 of the Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), it is equal to the legal estate of land. It further includes shares of a company owning the land, right, a power, or privilege, held in relation to a land and occupancy right in the land or a building erected on it. The provisions of ACL are not applicable to business contracts rather the applicability of the provisions with respect to unfair terms is confined to standard form of contracts only. Nevertheless, as per section 27(1) of the Act, it is required to prove that a standard form of contract is not a contract that considers the contrary[7]. The onus of proof is on the seller to establish that the contract was subject to negotiation. Several factors that are laid down under Section 27(2) must be taken into consideration by the courts in order to determine whether the contract is a standard form of contract. This is because all contracts are deemed as standard form of contract unless the seller is able to establish the contrary. The provisions related to unfair terms as stipulated under section 24 of the ACL can be applied to a contract after the contract is assessed to be a standard form of contract by the court. The terms of the contract shall be considered as unfair if I causes an imbalance between the rights and responsibilities of the parties, and fails to safeguard the legitimate interests of the party who is otherwise, entitled to the benefits assured by the contract[8]. Further, it shall be considered as detrimental for the part in case the party acts, relying on the terms included in the contract. While entering into a sale of land contract, the Accounting must not incorporate any terms into the contract that violates the rights of a party excluding the restricted terms. They must not include terms that entitle only one party to terminate the contract, or terms that sets out penalties only for one party and other clauses that permits unilateral variation of interest in land and terms that restricts the right of one party towards legal actions[9]. In Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Craig Langley Pty Ltd Matrix Pilates and Yoga Pty Ltd (Civil Claims) it was found that a contract that has been subject to negotiation by the parties cannot include any term that can be deemed as unfair term. In ACCC v Bytecard Pty Ltd 2013, the court decided in favor of the Australian Completion and Consumer Commission against the defendant company in relation to the sale of an interest in land. This is the first case that applied the relevant provisions relating to the newly incorporated unfair contract terms under the ACL. In the case of Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v AAPT Ltd (Civil Claims) [2006] VCAT 1493 the court held that if an additional term is added along with unfair term, to a contract in favor of the consumer, it would counter balance the unfair term in case the consumer is unaware of the terms. It is imperative for the developers to take reasonable steps to ensure that they have sufficient knowledge about the rules that have been imposed on them by the recently introduced provisions relating to unfair contract terms under the ACL so that the terms incorporated in the contract are not deemed as unfair terms. In case the court believes the term of a contract to be unfair, the aggrieved parties whose rights are breached must be entitled to terminate the contract. However, if there is a scope that these contract can still be valid and enforceable even after the removal of the unfair terms from the contract, the court shall orders to remove such unfair term and declare the contract to have a binding effect upon the parties[10]. Misrepresentation The term may be defined as a false statement that is made by one party in order to persuade the other party to enter into the contract, where such statement does not form any term of the contract. As per the Commonwealth and the state legislations, it is an offense to induce a person to enter into a contract by using false statements or by making misleading representations. The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) characterizes any false statements or misleading representations as an offence under section 2, Schedule 2 of the Act. Several instances of misrepresentations include testimonials for good or service, goods being new, any specific history or standard, value, quality, availability of repairing facilities, etc. According to section 18 of the ACL, a person within the scope of trade and commerce is prevented from engaging into any conduct that may cause misrepresentation either by way of misleading or deceptive conduct. According to section 30 of the ACL, a business or person is prohibited from making any misleading or false representation relating to sale or promotion of a property in land[11]. It also entails the sponsorship, approval, affiliation of individual by whom the statement is made, the kinds of benefits associated with the land, the venue, the price, the permission to have access to the facilities associated with the land. The section is applicable when there is misrepresentation and deceiving whole dealing with contracts for sale of land. In Given v Pryor (1979)[12], the court explained what might amount to misrepresentation and misleading conduct. In this case, the court asserted that representation is not restricted to verbal statement but extends to any form of oral or written statement, words, plans, drawings, maps and photographs and gestures and other conducts. Mere silence with respect to a fact shall be deemed as misrepresentation especially under circumstances where silence can have a negative impact on the purchaser. In Williams v Pisano[2015][13], the issue in question before the New South Wales court of appeal was to decide whether a seller of a private home who confesses having committed misrepresentation with respect to the quality of the house is liable under the statutory provisions of misleading and deceptive conduct stipulated the Australian Consumer Law. While determining the issue, the court had taken the proportionate liability regime as provided by Part VIA of the statute into consideration. In this case, the seller of the property was the owner of the building which implies that the owner shall be accountable for any defects arising out of the work carried out by her in the building. The seller and his wife owned the plot for several years and they decided to refurbish the same. The wife had obtained a builder permit and engaged consultants and a builder to develop a plan based on cost plus payment mode. The wife supervised the renovation work carried out by the builder but there was no detailed architectural supervision carried out. The vendors had made an advertisement for the sale of the property. A real estate agent had been engaged in order to assist for the sale. The wife introduced herself as the project designer. The sellers and the agent to the purchaser contended that the renovation work of the property had been carried out in the best possible way considering any expenses. After the property was sold, it was discovered by the purchaser that various short cuts were adopted while carrying out the renovation process, which led to significant defects[14]. One of the significant defects included a major problem related to water penetration. The trial judge held that the cost to remedy the damages was worth $1.2 million. The trial judge held that the wife was liable for the violation of warranties stipulated by her being the owner of the building. The purchaser made a further claim against the husband under the provisions of ACL that he was not accountable for the warranties. It was held by the trial judge that the representation made by William with respect to the claim, that the representation was made with respect to trade and commerce hence, the husband was imposed with a penalty of $1.7 million. The court held that there was a joint liability on part of each of the vendors. The husband appealed against the decision of the trial court. The following grounds of appeal were submitted before the court including that the representation of the vendor had not been made in trade or commerce and thus the ACL was not applicable to the defendant. The court further supported its decision on Taco Co of Australia Inv v Taco Bell Pty Ltd (1982)[15]. The court held that when it comes to the sale of land, the vendors of land shall be subject to the same rules of misrepresentation as discussed above in relation to the contract for the sale of land. In the case of Australian Equity Investors, An Arizona Ltd Partnership v Colliers International (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 4) [2011][16] it had been provided by the court that there has been violation of provisions Section 30 of the ACL. The violation was caused in relation to valuation on the ground that it made misleading and false statement related to the payable price for the land. Thus, from the above discussion, it can be stated that the Australian consumer law has become more stringent in its application when it comes to the sale of land for serving household and domestic purpose. It requires application of the statutory provisions with a view to safeguard the rights of the consumers. The businesses must have knowledge about the impact and outcomes of unfair terms and misrepresentation with respect to consumer contracts in relation to sale of land must take reasonable steps to avert the legal liabilities. Reference ACCC v Bytecard Pty Ltd 2013 Australian Equity Investors, An Arizona Ltd Partnership v Colliers International (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 4) [2011] FCA 442 Butler, Desmond, et al. "Contract Law Case Book." (2013). Casson, Jonathan. "Small business and unfair contract terms: Changes on the horizon."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal3.2 (2016): 76. Competition, Australian, and Consumer Commission. "Compliance and enforcement policy." (2017). Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v AAPT Ltd (Civil Claims) [2006] VCAT 1493 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Craig Langley Pty Ltd Matrix Pilates and Yoga Pty Ltd (Civil Claims) Evans, Phil. "The building and construction industry code of conduct (WA)."Brief44.6 (2017): 22. Given v Pryor (1979) 39 FLR 437 Greenwood, Verity, and Larry Dwyer. "Consumer protection as essential to destination competitiveness."CAUTHE 2015: Rising Tides and Sea Changes: Adaptation and Innovation in Tourism and Hospitality(2015): 486. Latimer, Paul. "Protecting Consumers from Unfair Contract Terms: Australian Comparisons." (2016). Nahan, N., and Eileen Webb. "Unfair contract terms in consumer contracts."Consumer Law and Policy in Australia and New Zealand. 2013. Pearson, Gail. "Current Issues for Consumer Protection Law in Australia."Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham, 2017. 199-208. Pearson, Gail. "Further challenges for Australian consumer law."Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham, 2017. 287-305. Simons, Josh. "The end of'unfairness' in commercial contracts: Proposed extension of'unfair contract terms' laws to business to business transactions."Governance Directions66.7 (2014): 431. Smith, Nicholas. "Intellectual property: Misleading and deceptive conduct: When copying is not enough."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal11 (2015): 76. Supreme Court of West Australia in OPR WA Pty Ltd v Marron [2016] WASC 395. Taco Co of Australia Inv v Taco Bell Pty Ltd (1982) 2 TPR 48 Tran-Tsai, Kye. "Property law: Off-the-plan contracts: The sun has set on vendors' rescission rights."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal3.1 (2016): 80. Williams v Pisano[2015]NSWCA 17 [1] Latimer, Paul. "Protecting Consumers from Unfair Contract Terms: Australian Comparisons." (2016). [2] Simons, Josh. "The end of'unfairness' in commercial contracts: Proposed extension of'unfair contract terms' laws to business to business transactions."Governance Directions66.7 (2014): 431. [3] Pearson, Gail. "Current Issues for Consumer Protection Law in Australia."Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham, 2017. 199-208. [4] Casson, Jonathan. "Small business and unfair contract terms: Changes on the horizon."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal3.2 (2016): 76. [5] Nahan, N., and Eileen Webb. "Unfair contract terms in consumer contracts."Consumer Law and Policy in Australia and New Zealand. 2013. [6] Competition, Australian, and Consumer Commission. "Compliance and enforcement policy." (2017). [7] Pearson, Gail. "Further challenges for Australian consumer law."Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham, 2017. 287-305. [8] Butler, Desmond, et al. "Contract Law Case Book." (2013). [9] Evans, Phil. "The building and construction industry code of conduct (WA)."Brief44.6 (2017): 22. [10] Smith, Nicholas. "Intellectual property: Misleading and deceptive conduct: When copying is not enough."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal11 (2015): 76. [11] Tran-Tsai, Kye. "Property law: Off-the-plan contracts: The sun has set on vendors' rescission rights."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal3.1 (2016): 80. [12] [1979] 39 FLR 437. [13] NSWCA 177. [14] Greenwood, Verity, and Larry Dwyer. "Consumer protection as essential to destination competitiveness."CAUTHE 2015: Rising Tides and Sea Changes: Adaptation and Innovation in Tourism and Hospitality(2015): 486. [15] [1982] 2 TPR 48. [16] [2011] FCA 442.

Includes All The Statutory Requirements †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Includes All The Statutory Requirements? Answer: Introducation The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) includes all the statutory requirements, remedies or courses of actions that would provide a guideline for the individuals and businesses who are dealing in commerce or trade. The ACL Act is the national law that deals with fair consumer and trading protection. The ACL also entails that a term of a consumer contract is void if the terms of the contract is unfair and the contract is a standard form of contract[1]. The contracts for sale between an individual as buyer and the developer as seller are considered standard form of contracts unless established otherwise. A consumer contract under the ACL refers to any contract for the sale or grant of a interest in land to any individual either predominantly or wholly for household, domestic or personal purpose. In order to determine whether a sale contract or a contract for grant f interest is a consumer contract under the ACL, the court shall consider the intention of the purchaser. In case land purchased in not used for private purposes, such contracts shall not be subject to the Australian Consumer Law[2]. As per Schedule 2 of the Competition and Consumer Act 2010, a contract for sale shall be considered as consumer contract under the Australian Consumer law provided such land be held for any household purpose as was found by the Supreme Court of West Australia in OPR WA Pty Ltd v Marron [2016] WASC 395. In case such land is held for the purpose of business investment, it shall be considered as a consumer contract under the Australian Consumer Law. The judgment of the court in this case establishes the fact that all lands purchased for household or private purposes shall be governed by the ACL. The ACL imposes certain limitations on the sellers and at the same time, endows the buyers with consumer guarantee with respect to the manner of carrying out the business operations. The limitations imposed upon the seller include application of deceptive or misleading conduct, use of unfair terms and bait advertisements. The paper entails about the impact, the Australian Consumer Law has on the sale of land with respect to unfair contract terms and misrepresentation. Unfair Contract terms The Trade Practices Amendment (Australian Consumer Law) Act (No. 1) 2010 (the ACL) aims at regulating unfair terms in standard form consumer contracts. The statute has substantial impact on developers contracts in relation to individuals[3]. After the commencement of the statute, the provisions for unfair terms stipulated under the statute that any unfair terms used in the standard form of contracts shall be considered as void and unenforceable. The ACL has laid down the terms that shall be considered as unfair terms, which are as follows: Any term that leads to a substantial imbalance in the rights and obligations of the parties; Any term that is not rationally necessary to safeguard the genuine interests of the developer; and, Any term that would be unfavorable for the purchaser, both financially or otherwise, if the purchaser relies on such terms; Although several clauses are incorporated in a developers contract that tends to result in favor of the developer and provides him with flexibility to complete the development project, but in order to establish the infringement of the ACL provisions, it is important to prove that the imbalance on part of the developer was significant. Further, in order to determine whether any particular term is necessary to safeguard the interests of the developer, the developer is required to provide evidence about the market in which they function, the economic factors that are imposed by the financiers, planning schemes and other regulations of the councils that provides the developer with a level of flexibility[4]. The statute requires the developers to ensure that their contracts include provision that provide discretion to the extent it is necessary to deliver finished products to the consumers and it must not provide any additional freedom as it would otherwise amount to unfair contractual terms. The terms that are not considered as unfair include the following: any term that defines the subject matter of the contract; any term that highlights the upfront price payable under the developers contract; any tern that is expressly allowed or are required to be incorporated by the state or Commonwealth law; As discussed, earlier about the restrictions that are imposed on the businesses with respect to the incorporation of the unfair terms in a standard form of consumer contracts, consumers are often made to sign standard contracts relating to the sale of land[5]. The new provisions related to unfair contracts terms purports to create transparent contracts in relation to consumer transactions with a view to deal with the risk that may arise with respect to such contracts. The terms would also serve the purpose of preventing the businesses from incorporating terms that may be unfavorable to the legitimate interest of the consumers. The incorporation of section 23 of the ACL stipulates that a term shall be considered void if such term is unfair and it affects the legitimate interest of the consumers. Further, the provisions of ACL are applicable only to transactions the value of which do not exceed $40000 or for transactions that are made to serve household and private purposes[6]. Thus, if the sale of land is made for household purpose, it shall become subject to the provisions of unfair terms stipulated under the contract. According to the definition of interest of land mentioned under Schedule 1, section 2 of the Australian Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (Cth), it is equal to the legal estate of land. It further includes shares of a company owning the land, right, a power, or privilege, held in relation to a land and occupancy right in the land or a building erected on it. The provisions of ACL are not applicable to business contracts rather the applicability of the provisions with respect to unfair terms is confined to standard form of contracts only. Nevertheless, as per section 27(1) of the Act, it is required to prove that a standard form of contract is not a contract that considers the contrary[7]. The onus of proof is on the seller to establish that the contract was subject to negotiation. Several factors that are laid down under Section 27(2) must be taken into consideration by the courts in order to determine whether the contract is a standard form of contract. This is because all contracts are deemed as standard form of contract unless the seller is able to establish the contrary. The provisions related to unfair terms as stipulated under section 24 of the ACL can be applied to a contract after the contract is assessed to be a standard form of contract by the court. The terms of the contract shall be considered as unfair if I causes an imbalance between the rights and responsibilities of the parties, and fails to safeguard the legitimate interests of the party who is otherwise, entitled to the benefits assured by the contract[8]. Further, it shall be considered as detrimental for the part in case the party acts, relying on the terms included in the contract. While entering into a sale of land contract, the Accounting must not incorporate any terms into the contract that violates the rights of a party excluding the restricted terms. They must not include terms that entitle only one party to terminate the contract, or terms that sets out penalties only for one party and other clauses that permits unilateral variation of interest in land and terms that restricts the right of one party towards legal actions[9]. In Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Craig Langley Pty Ltd Matrix Pilates and Yoga Pty Ltd (Civil Claims) it was found that a contract that has been subject to negotiation by the parties cannot include any term that can be deemed as unfair term. In ACCC v Bytecard Pty Ltd 2013, the court decided in favor of the Australian Completion and Consumer Commission against the defendant company in relation to the sale of an interest in land. This is the first case that applied the relevant provisions relating to the newly incorporated unfair contract terms under the ACL. In the case of Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v AAPT Ltd (Civil Claims) [2006] VCAT 1493 the court held that if an additional term is added along with unfair term, to a contract in favor of the consumer, it would counter balance the unfair term in case the consumer is unaware of the terms. It is imperative for the developers to take reasonable steps to ensure that they have sufficient knowledge about the rules that have been imposed on them by the recently introduced provisions relating to unfair contract terms under the ACL so that the terms incorporated in the contract are not deemed as unfair terms. In case the court believes the term of a contract to be unfair, the aggrieved parties whose rights are breached must be entitled to terminate the contract. However, if there is a scope that these contract can still be valid and enforceable even after the removal of the unfair terms from the contract, the court shall orders to remove such unfair term and declare the contract to have a binding effect upon the parties[10]. Misrepresentation The term may be defined as a false statement that is made by one party in order to persuade the other party to enter into the contract, where such statement does not form any term of the contract. As per the Commonwealth and the state legislations, it is an offense to induce a person to enter into a contract by using false statements or by making misleading representations. The Australian Consumer Law (ACL) characterizes any false statements or misleading representations as an offence under section 2, Schedule 2 of the Act. Several instances of misrepresentations include testimonials for good or service, goods being new, any specific history or standard, value, quality, availability of repairing facilities, etc. According to section 18 of the ACL, a person within the scope of trade and commerce is prevented from engaging into any conduct that may cause misrepresentation either by way of misleading or deceptive conduct. According to section 30 of the ACL, a business or person is prohibited from making any misleading or false representation relating to sale or promotion of a property in land[11]. It also entails the sponsorship, approval, affiliation of individual by whom the statement is made, the kinds of benefits associated with the land, the venue, the price, the permission to have access to the facilities associated with the land. The section is applicable when there is misrepresentation and deceiving whole dealing with contracts for sale of land. In Given v Pryor (1979)[12], the court explained what might amount to misrepresentation and misleading conduct. In this case, the court asserted that representation is not restricted to verbal statement but extends to any form of oral or written statement, words, plans, drawings, maps and photographs and gestures and other conducts. Mere silence with respect to a fact shall be deemed as misrepresentation especially under circumstances where silence can have a negative impact on the purchaser. In Williams v Pisano[2015][13], the issue in question before the New South Wales court of appeal was to decide whether a seller of a private home who confesses having committed misrepresentation with respect to the quality of the house is liable under the statutory provisions of misleading and deceptive conduct stipulated the Australian Consumer Law. While determining the issue, the court had taken the proportionate liability regime as provided by Part VIA of the statute into consideration. In this case, the seller of the property was the owner of the building which implies that the owner shall be accountable for any defects arising out of the work carried out by her in the building. The seller and his wife owned the plot for several years and they decided to refurbish the same. The wife had obtained a builder permit and engaged consultants and a builder to develop a plan based on cost plus payment mode. The wife supervised the renovation work carried out by the builder but there was no detailed architectural supervision carried out. The vendors had made an advertisement for the sale of the property. A real estate agent had been engaged in order to assist for the sale. The wife introduced herself as the project designer. The sellers and the agent to the purchaser contended that the renovation work of the property had been carried out in the best possible way considering any expenses. After the property was sold, it was discovered by the purchaser that various short cuts were adopted while carrying out the renovation process, which led to significant defects[14]. One of the significant defects included a major problem related to water penetration. The trial judge held that the cost to remedy the damages was worth $1.2 million. The trial judge held that the wife was liable for the violation of warranties stipulated by her being the owner of the building. The purchaser made a further claim against the husband under the provisions of ACL that he was not accountable for the warranties. It was held by the trial judge that the representation made by William with respect to the claim, that the representation was made with respect to trade and commerce hence, the husband was imposed with a penalty of $1.7 million. The court held that there was a joint liability on part of each of the vendors. The husband appealed against the decision of the trial court. The following grounds of appeal were submitted before the court including that the representation of the vendor had not been made in trade or commerce and thus the ACL was not applicable to the defendant. The court further supported its decision on Taco Co of Australia Inv v Taco Bell Pty Ltd (1982)[15]. The court held that when it comes to the sale of land, the vendors of land shall be subject to the same rules of misrepresentation as discussed above in relation to the contract for the sale of land. In the case of Australian Equity Investors, An Arizona Ltd Partnership v Colliers International (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 4) [2011][16] it had been provided by the court that there has been violation of provisions Section 30 of the ACL. The violation was caused in relation to valuation on the ground that it made misleading and false statement related to the payable price for the land. Thus, from the above discussion, it can be stated that the Australian consumer law has become more stringent in its application when it comes to the sale of land for serving household and domestic purpose. It requires application of the statutory provisions with a view to safeguard the rights of the consumers. The businesses must have knowledge about the impact and outcomes of unfair terms and misrepresentation with respect to consumer contracts in relation to sale of land must take reasonable steps to avert the legal liabilities. Reference ACCC v Bytecard Pty Ltd 2013 Australian Equity Investors, An Arizona Ltd Partnership v Colliers International (NSW) Pty Ltd (No 4) [2011] FCA 442 Butler, Desmond, et al. "Contract Law Case Book." (2013). Casson, Jonathan. "Small business and unfair contract terms: Changes on the horizon."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal3.2 (2016): 76. Competition, Australian, and Consumer Commission. "Compliance and enforcement policy." (2017). Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v AAPT Ltd (Civil Claims) [2006] VCAT 1493 Director of Consumer Affairs Victoria v Craig Langley Pty Ltd Matrix Pilates and Yoga Pty Ltd (Civil Claims) Evans, Phil. "The building and construction industry code of conduct (WA)."Brief44.6 (2017): 22. Given v Pryor (1979) 39 FLR 437 Greenwood, Verity, and Larry Dwyer. "Consumer protection as essential to destination competitiveness."CAUTHE 2015: Rising Tides and Sea Changes: Adaptation and Innovation in Tourism and Hospitality(2015): 486. Latimer, Paul. "Protecting Consumers from Unfair Contract Terms: Australian Comparisons." (2016). Nahan, N., and Eileen Webb. "Unfair contract terms in consumer contracts."Consumer Law and Policy in Australia and New Zealand. 2013. Pearson, Gail. "Current Issues for Consumer Protection Law in Australia."Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham, 2017. 199-208. Pearson, Gail. "Further challenges for Australian consumer law."Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham, 2017. 287-305. Simons, Josh. "The end of'unfairness' in commercial contracts: Proposed extension of'unfair contract terms' laws to business to business transactions."Governance Directions66.7 (2014): 431. Smith, Nicholas. "Intellectual property: Misleading and deceptive conduct: When copying is not enough."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal11 (2015): 76. Supreme Court of West Australia in OPR WA Pty Ltd v Marron [2016] WASC 395. Taco Co of Australia Inv v Taco Bell Pty Ltd (1982) 2 TPR 48 Tran-Tsai, Kye. "Property law: Off-the-plan contracts: The sun has set on vendors' rescission rights."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal3.1 (2016): 80. Williams v Pisano[2015]NSWCA 17 [1] Latimer, Paul. "Protecting Consumers from Unfair Contract Terms: Australian Comparisons." (2016). [2] Simons, Josh. "The end of'unfairness' in commercial contracts: Proposed extension of'unfair contract terms' laws to business to business transactions."Governance Directions66.7 (2014): 431. [3] Pearson, Gail. "Current Issues for Consumer Protection Law in Australia."Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham, 2017. 199-208. [4] Casson, Jonathan. "Small business and unfair contract terms: Changes on the horizon."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal3.2 (2016): 76. [5] Nahan, N., and Eileen Webb. "Unfair contract terms in consumer contracts."Consumer Law and Policy in Australia and New Zealand. 2013. [6] Competition, Australian, and Consumer Commission. "Compliance and enforcement policy." (2017). [7] Pearson, Gail. "Further challenges for Australian consumer law."Consumer Law and Socioeconomic Development. Springer, Cham, 2017. 287-305. [8] Butler, Desmond, et al. "Contract Law Case Book." (2013). [9] Evans, Phil. "The building and construction industry code of conduct (WA)."Brief44.6 (2017): 22. [10] Smith, Nicholas. "Intellectual property: Misleading and deceptive conduct: When copying is not enough."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal11 (2015): 76. [11] Tran-Tsai, Kye. "Property law: Off-the-plan contracts: The sun has set on vendors' rescission rights."LSJ: Law Society of NSW Journal3.1 (2016): 80. [12] [1979] 39 FLR 437. [13] NSWCA 177. [14] Greenwood, Verity, and Larry Dwyer. "Consumer protection as essential to destination competitiveness."CAUTHE 2015: Rising Tides and Sea Changes: Adaptation and Innovation in Tourism and Hospitality(2015): 486. [15] [1982] 2 TPR 48. [16] [2011] FCA 442.

And Here I Thought Teens Were Rebellious essays

And Here I Thought Teens Were Rebellious essays Have you ever played that game, where someone tells you a word and you say the first thing that comes to mind? This may seem silly for teens but, lets play that now. Ill play too. What do you think of when you hear the word, peanut butter? Many would say jelly, I would say pancakes-you should try it, it tastes really good. Ok, another. What do you think of when you hear the word, phobia? Most may think arachnophobia, like the movie. Whereas I think sesquipedalophobia-fear of long words, go figure. One more, what do you think of when you hear the word, propaganda? A great number of you would say billboards or maybe television. But I would say mind control. You see, there are many different types of propaganda, used by a lot of different people or organizations, in a number ways. All used to convey several different ideas. And for all you know, youre buying into every single one. The best place to start-I always say-is at the beginning. So, what is propaganda anyway? Different definitions can be obtained depending on the source used. My favorite definition comes from Merriam-Websters online dictionary. Propaganda is defined as 1: the spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person.2: ideas, facts, or allegations spread deliberately to further one's cause or to damage an opposing cause. 3: committee of cardinals-a committee of Roman Catholic cardinals, the Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, in charge of supervising foreign missions and educating priests to serve in them. I like to refer to it as the manipulation of the public mind set. Okay, so who se doing the manipulation? Are you ready for this...Everyone. A propagandist seeks to change the way people understand an issue or situation, for the purpose of changing their actions and expectations in ways that are desirable to the interest group.(Propagandacritic.com) In o...

Advantages and disadvantages of MSN Messenger The WritePass Journal

Advantages and disadvantages of MSN Messenger Advantages and disadvantages of MSN Messenger Introduction  ConclusionRelated Introduction All over the world many people use the internet. One of the main reasons for using internet   is communication. People communicate with each other in many different ways such as: emails, chat rooms and of course instant messaging programs. Have you ever used MSN? Personally Ive been using it for years now and I know many friends and people from my family use MSN. MSN is a one of the most popular instant messaging service in the world and in my opinion the best I have ever used. It has millions of users around the world. It has a lot of amazing and different feature in addition to its basic work as an instant messaging software. However, like most things there are advantages and disadvantages related to this program. and this is what Im going to write about in my report. MSN program was created by Microsoft on July 22, 1992. It was formally named MSN Messenger but it has been renamed as windows live messenger on December 13, 2005. It has many different versions, the first version of MSN messenger was version 1.0. It was released on July 22, 1999. It was only included basic feature like text messaging and very simple contact list. More than 10 version have been released since then and there are many popular versions people still use until now like Messenger 7.5, Windows Live Messenger 8, Windows Live Messenger 2009 and the final one, Windows Live Messenger 2011 which was released on September 30, 2010 and   I personally recommended it for its many different interesting features. To sign in the MSN Messenger you must have first an email account (excluding @hotmail, @msn or @live). When you open the program it will ask you to enter your email and password first. If you dont have a hotmail account you can get one easily and for free from the hotmail website and If you dont have the MSN program also there are many free links you can find and download the program from it . Like most instant messaging services the main advantage of using MSN program is the ability to communicate with friends, family and businesses. It is like conversation on a chat room with yourself and a friend or more. You type a message and it appear on their screen, they type a reply and it appear also on your screen. It is actually safer and more privet than chat rooms. it is simple, free, easy to access and use. It is good for keeping in touch with friends and family. users can add as many contacts as they want. When users sign in to MSN Messenger they will be able to see which of their contacts are online. It has a possibility to send messages to contacts who are offline and they will receive the offline messages as soon as they log in. They can share and send folders like pictures, music, documents and many different kinds of files. It is support voice and video conversation, that is mean you will be able to see who you are talking to through the webcam. It is similar to video calling on mobiles but it is better quality and of course for free. There is also an ability which was launched on July 12, 2006 that allows windows live messenger and Yahoo users to chat with each other without having to create an account on the other service. In addition the software allows you to run more than one messenger on multiple accounts. You can delete and block contacts so they wont be able to contact you ever again unless you added them again but in the latest version instead of blocking feature you can appear offline to your contacts as well as to particular contacts. Users can connect services like Facebook and MySpace with windows live messenger. They can post updates and photo to these services also imports contacts from these services. In MSN Messenger there are many fun games available that can be played via the conversation. You can invite your friends to challenge them in a game competition. There are graphics you can use which are called Emoticons. Users can se nd messages to other contact in a way that make the conversation more attractive and express a particular emotion. You can also add more emoticons by downloading more from internet. like any other thing in the world MSN has disadvantages too. But they are few comparing with the huge advantages that the program has. I think one disadvantage that most users know about is that you dont have the control about who adds you to their own contact list. So many times strangers people add me but I always block and delete them. You have always to update for the new versions released. Sometimes it has log on problems. People can send you viruses through files. And the most common problem of course is hacking   your hotmail account. It happens to users and sometimes they cant have their accounts back. MSN also used sometimes for gossiping. There is a feature called MySpace, were you users can write about themselves and put self pictures for them. It is a little dangerous if you put self photos because you dont know who is seeing them and took them. There are not so many disadvantages but they are still little bit risky and its important to be aware of them.   Conclusion In conclusion I think MSN Messenger are indeed very important program that continue to attract people from all over the world. I feel it is somehow become a way of life. Where people meet and talk   for hours. Manar Mohammed AL-Sawafi

Discuss the proposition that the experience of downsizing leads to the Essay

Discuss the proposition that the experience of downsizing leads to the de - motivation and demoralisation of employees - Essay Example 693). Specifically, the debate on whether or not downsizing demoralises and motivates employees is the issue this paper would like to delve on. Nothing is constant in this world except change. Change is progressive. It is inevitable that it has to be addressed, no matter what. The more you avoid it, the worse you end up, yet you should not also deal with it haphazardly. In a fast developing world, change is something you should always prepare for, because the faster development occurs and so is with change. This is the dilemma most companies, big and small, confront today especially so that in a continuously changing global economy, companies see their survival primarily on the displacement of employees. What initially was an American phenomenon has transcended national borders. Several European organizations (including Volvo, British Airways, Vivendi, and Alcatel), as well as Asian companies, such as Fuji, Sony, Toshiba, Nissan, and Daewoo, have experienced layoffs, divestitures, and closings in recent years. This downsizing is especially significant given the labour laws, worker councils, and national cultures that traditionally have supported lifelong relationships between employers and employees. In China, for example, mores were at one time so strong that this type of organizational activity was referred to as ‘taking away someones rice bowl’ (that is, the company would be removing an individuals means of income). (Marks & De Meuse 2003, p. 3) These downsizing practices have been gaining criticism from different sections of society in every part of the globe. This dilemma becomes more pronounced as the world economy worsens because competition among corporations becomes stiffer and harsher further sharpening the inherent contradiction between labour and capital. In their study of industrial relations systems in the UK, Turnbull, Blyton & Harvey (2004) observed that, adversarialism rather than

MGT599 MoD 2 TD WEEK 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

MGT599 MoD 2 TD WEEK 2 - Essay Example This paper mainly tries to accomplish a brief analysis of the industry of food. However, in order to do so, PEST analysis and Porter’s Five Forces model are used. With the help of these analytical techniques, the recent opportunities and threats are evaluated about the food industry. After analyzing the opportunities and threats, the ways in which, these are effective for the Kraft Food Group is also evaluated within this paper. Moreover, in what ways, the Kraft Food Group might mitigate the risks and threats presented by the political, social or economic factors as well as threat of new entrants are also evaluated, so as to enhance its position and demand in the market among many other rival players. Threat of Entry: the threat of entrance of new players within the industry of food is quite tough due to excess capital requirements. In order to present differentiated products, high technology machineries are required that are generally out of the budget to the new entrants (Enz, 2009). Moreover, if the new entrants fail to offer, high quality products, then the customers may not prefer these products and their market share and profitability may not be increased (Ma, 2014). However, due to presence of these barriers, the rate of new entrance is low and this act as one of the strengths for the Kraft food group that offers a high impact on growing market share of the company. Rivalry: the extent of competitive rivalry among the existing players of food industry is extremely high (Kotler, 2008). However, in order to mitigate such rivalry, most of the existing players such as General Mills and Nestle always try to offer high attention over its research and development department to introduce new products frequently. This might prove effective for the existing players of food industry to amplify its demand and position in the market (Jones & George, 2004). However, because of high attention over research department, both of these organizations

Parthenon Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Parthenon - Essay Example The structure is a work of synchronicity and precision. The earliest Hellenic structures date back to the 6th century BCE. There were two large temples dedicated to Athena. In 480 BC the Persians destroyed them, and in 447 BCE, the Athenian leader Pericles ordered the erection of the Parthenon. The form of the temple represents the matrimony of minimalism and authority. That is why it is so important to modern architects. It demonstrates how a building is not only function but also form. It is both art and science; pretty yet practical. This balance is perhaps the most striking element of the Parthenon. It is rare even in modern architecture to find such poise. The architects of Dubai are approaching a contemporary equivalent with their more innovative ideas. The Greek Parthenon is a building par excellence. Here, I have identified what it is, discuss why it’s important, describe its structure, and explain its historical and contemporary relevance. Even with our modern buildings, it still marks the basis for some of our architectural

Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses

Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses Forensic Bio analysis Detection of Phenylbutazone in Race Horses Phenylbutazone (C19H20N2O2 see figure 1 below) is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Bute as it is more commonly known, is widely used for the treatment of bone, joint and soft tissue inflammation in horses. It was used in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis in humans, but after serious issues and side effects was withdrawn. The main metabolites of Phenylbutazone (PBZ) are Oxyphenbutazone (OPBZ) and Hydroxyphenbutazone (HPBZ). As with most drugs Phenylbutazone has legal uses and also illegal uses. Despite Bute’s significant and anti-inflammatory effects, it has the capacity to affect racing performance in racehorses. The various racing regulatory bodies have varying permitted limits in pre and post-race samples, as they respect the need to discriminate between doping and the genuine therapeutic use of the drug. Figure 1. As such the need for stringent and accurate testing is crucial. There are various methods of testing and it is dependent upon the sample type which is best to use. Sampling in itself has issues blood tests are very invasive, but on the other hand gaining a urine sample is very awkward and hazard prone. Pharmacokinetics According to (Chay et al., 1984), (Lees, Maitho and Taylor, 1985; Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), (Smith et al., 1987), (Landuyt, Delbeke and Debackere, 1993), the bioavailability of PBZ is in the range of 60% 91%. However it should also be noted that these studies showed variations in the rate of absorption between and within horses.(Gerring, Lees and Taylor, 1981) and (Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), also showed that the rate of absorption is dependent on whether or not the horse has been fed. When food has been withheld from the treated horse for between 3 and 4 hours, before and after being dosed with PBZ, the maximum concentration in plasma according to (Maitho, Lees and Taylor, 1986), occurs at 4 to 6 hours. If the horse as constant access to fed, there is a small initial peak in in plasma concentration after 1 to 2 hours. This is then followed by a much larger absorption phase from 10 to 24 hours, which gives it a Tmax (amount of time that a drug is present at the maximum concentration in serum) of 12 to 14 hours. (Lees et al., 1986), explain that the distribution of PBZ from plasma to interstitial and trans-cellular fluids is limited, with the distribution volume being small 0.1 0.3 L/kg. Even though distribution is limited, it reaches sites of acute inflammation easily; this may be accountable to increased blood flow in the area and increased capillary permeability. (Rowland and Tozer, 2005), indicate that the distribution of the drug bound to plasma protein, in plasma, in extracellular fluid and in the rest of the body can be predicted. This is done by taking into account the fu (free fraction in plasma). In horses, the fu is 2% and the volume of distribution 0.17 L/kg. Using these figures Rowland and Tower, 2009 predicted that 29.4% of PBZ in the horses’ body will be in the plasma, 45.5% being present in the extracellular fluid and only 25% in the remainder of the body. Elimination of PBZ is principally dependant on hepatic metabolism. (Authie et al., 2010), showed that in test exercise conditions hepatic clearance became significantly decreased. (Authie et al., 2010), showed that renal clearance contributed to PBZ elimination. They found that elimination was shown to be similar at rest, 11.2% and at exercise, 12.9%. PBZ is lipophilic molecule, as such some of the drug is subsequently reabsorbed. As a result of this the urine, plasma concentration ratio in horses is low at around 2:1, (Gerring, Lees and Taylor, 1981). Analytical Methods HPLC (Grippa et al., 2000a) used HPLC (Reversed phase) to determine the presence and quantity of PBZ in equine serum. The serum was mixed with an internal standard, evaporated, re-suspended and then analysed, using a C-18 column which had been calibrated using acetonitrile/water/trifluoroacetic acid. The (Grippa et al., 2000a) method had a LOQ (limit of quantification) of 0.5 µg/ml and a LOD (limit of detection) 0.5 µg/ml. This method is only for the determination of the presence of PBZ. The only detector mentioned is a UV monitor which would simply say if it was present but not in what quantity it was is present. If an MS (mass spectrometer) was attached however, the PBZ could be quantified as well. There are however disadvantages to HPLC-MS and these are mainly associated with the MS. The molecular weight is not sufficient for identification and fragmentation is required. This can be achieved using MS-MS instruments such as triple Quadra-pole or ion trap. It can however only analyse volatile components The MS-MS works in two stages. The 1st stage MS isolates ion of interest and fragments and the 2nd stage produces mass spectrum of fragments. Electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers (MISPE) (Meucci et al., 2013), developed a new analytical method for detecting and quantifying PBZ in equine plasma. The technique is based on electrochemical sensing, they used disposable graphite based screen printed electrodes and DPVs (differential pulse voltammetry) for detection after the sample has gone through the MISPE (molecular imprinted solid phase extraction) procedure. Liquid Chromatography Electro-Spray Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LC–ESI-MS) can also be used as a detection method after elution from the MISPE (Harun, Anderson and Cormack, 2010). The accuracy of the (Meucci et al., 2013) method was shown to be more than 94% at 3 different concentrations. The LOQ (limit of quantification) was 0.01 µg/ml and the LOD (limit of detection) was 0.005 µg/ml. There method was validated using HPLC and the correlation of results was found to be r2 >0.999. This is a new method and with a new method comes criticism and the need to iron out the little flaws etc. This method has however been validated in comparison with HPLC. GC-MS (Gonzalez et al., 1996) method uses GC-MS to detect the presence of PBZ and OPBZ in equine plasma. Samples were prepared using an internal standard and the pH was adjusted to between 2 and 3. After missing and centrifugation, separated and evaporated to then undergo derivatisation. Helium was used as the carrier gas and the column was fused-silica cross-linked with methyl-silicone. The temperature of the detector and injector port was at a constant 280 °C, whereas the oven temperature was increased from 100 °C to 200 °C and then onto 300 °C. The LOD (limit of detection) for PBZ was 10ng/ml and for OPBZ 25ng/ml. The problems with GC-MS are mainly associated with the GC not the MS, these being that it can only analyse volatile components and most controlled substances i.e. drugs have to be derivatised prior to analysis. ELISA Elisa screening for drugs is a particularly sensitive and quick way of identifying if a drug is present. Due to the sensitivity of immunoassay screening, ELISA is usually used as a kind of ‘presumptive’ test before going ahead with the more expensive methods. Randox life sciences have developed an ELISA specifically for Phenylbutazone and Oxyphenbutazone (Kwiatkowski et al., 1989). It has an LOD of 2.01ng/ml and a calibration range of 0-90 ng/ml. Sample preparation is minimal with only a dilution required before the test can be performed. Preferred Method GC-MS has a better LOD than both HPLC and the MISPE methods, however sample preparation makes this method very laborious. The MISPE methods results were validated using HPLC and the correlation was very promising as a novel alternative to the more traditional HPLC and GC-MS methods. The MISPE method also had better LOQ and LOD than the HPLC method. Initially due to the high sensitivity and relative cheapness of the test I would first perform an ELISA to confirm the presence, provided enough sample was present. Providing a ‘presumptive’ positive had been gained, the preferred analytical method to detect PBZ in horse blood samples would then be the MISPE, (with Electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers method). Because it outranks even the gold standard techniques for ease of use and results gained. Internal standards An internal standard is a chemical substance which is added in a constant, consistent amount to the samples to be analyzed, the blank and calibration standards used in any given analysis. This substance is then used for calibration purposes by plotting the ratio of the signal of the analyte to the internal standard signal. This done in order to correct the loss of analyte, which occurs during sample preparation or at the point of inlet. (Grippa et al., 2000b) Used probenecid as the internal standard when looking for Phenylbutazone through HPLC analysis. However, no internal standard information was available for the internal standard used in the MISPE method. The internal standard is a very similar compound, but not identical to the analyte of interest in the samples. The internal standard should the then be affected in the same way during sample preparation etc. as the analyte of interest. Validation Method validation by HPLC analysis Method validation is the process of proving that an analytical method is acceptable for its intended purpose. Specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, limit of detection, limit of quantification and robustness are all guidelines for validation. The electrochemical-based sensing method was compared with HPLC reference analysis in order to validate the method. The PBZ content of various spiked equine samples was tested using the two methods after the sample had been extracted using the MISPE procedure. The study’s findings with voltammetry-based sensing showed very good agreement with results obtained by HPLC analysis. Statistical tests on the data at the 95% significance level generated a correlation line with the following equation and correlation coefficient: y = 0.9997  ± 0.0043x + 0.00072  ± 0.012, r2 = 0.9998 for PBZ This showed an excellent correlation between the new developed method and the reference gold standard HPLC analysis. Therefore the proposed DPV-based method coupled to MISPE was shown to be very suitable for the quantitative analysis of PBZ in equine plasma. Linearity, LOQ/LOD and Accuracy and Precision Linearity Linearity is the sample concentration range where analyte response is linearly proportional to the concentration. The study performed a linearity test calibration curve with PBZ using standard solutions and the measurements were repeated nine times. The study’s criteria for r2 and g were r2 ≠¥ 0.99 and g≠¤10%. The regression lines were found to have the following equation: y = 0.04x + 0.01, r2 = 0.99 and g 3.7% for PBZ. Accuracy and precision Precision is the amount of scatter in results taken from multiple analysis. Accuracy is the Closeness of measured value to true answer. The precision of the study’s method was checked using replicates, 10 were performed on freshly prepared 0.5 g/ml solutions of PBZ. There were two types of precision and accuracy were assessed, within-day precision and accuracy and between-day. The within-day samples were assessed using blank plasma samples spiked with PBZ at 0.05 g/ml, 0.5 g/ml and 10 g/. These were extracted using the MISPE-procedure and analyse took place on the same day. Between-day samples were assessed using the same samples as the within-day tests. The acceptance criteria for accuracy were −20% to +10% of the theoretical concentration. The study found that the accuracy of the estimated PBZ concentration was more than 94% at three concentrations used as quality control samples. The precision expressed as inter-day coefficient of variation ranged from 2.6% to 6.5% and the intra-day CV% ranged from 1.5% to 5.0%. The coefficients of variation of 10 replicate analyses on freshly prepared 0.5 g/ml solutions were 1.5% for PBZ. LOQ and LOD The sensitivity of the method was shown as the limit of quantification. This limit was set at 10 times the standard deviation of the intercepts divided by the slope of the calibration curve. The limit of detection was set at 3.3 times the standard deviation of the intercepts divided by the slope of the calibration curve. The LOQ and LOD for PBZ was 0.01g/ml. This study found that the LOQ using this novel method are lower than those obtained with HPLC had a LOQ of 0.5 g/ml and GC/MS had a LOQ of 0.05 g/ml in analyses. The presented results compared favourably with those obtained with LC/MS/MS, which had a LOQ of 0.01 g/ml during analysis. Conclusion The comparison to all the known ‘Gold standard’ methods showed this method to be more sensitive and less expensive, both in terms of analysis time and instrumentation costs. References Authie, E. C., Garcia, P., Popot, M. A., Toutain, P. L., and Doucet, M. (2010) Effect of an endurance-like exercise on the disposition and detection time of phenylbutazone and dexamethasone in the horse: application to medication control. Equine Vet J. Vol.42(3), pp.240-7. Chay, S., Woods, W. E., Nugent, T. E., Weckman, T., Houston, T., Sprinkle, F., Blake, J. W., Tobin, T., Soma, L. R., Yocum, J., and et al. (1984) Population distributions of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone after oral and i.v. dosing in horses. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.7(4), pp.265-76. Gerring, E. L., Lees, P., and Taylor, J. B. (1981) Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its metabolites in the horse. Equine Vet J. Vol.13(3), pp.152-7. Gonzalez, G., Ventura, R., Smith, A. K., de la Torre, R., and Segura, J. (1996) Detection of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in equine plasma and urine by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. Vol.719(1), pp.251-64. Grippa, E., Santini, L., Castellano, G., Gatto, M. T., Leone, M. G., and Saso, L. (2000a) Simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. Vol.738(1), pp.17-25. Grippa, E., Santini, L., Castellano, G., Gatto, M. T., Leone, M. G., and Saso, L. (2000b) Simultaneous determination of hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, indomethacin, phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in equine serum by high-performance liquid chromatography. Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications. Vol.738(1), pp.17-25. Harun, N., Anderson, R. A., and Cormack, P. A. (2010) Analysis of ketamine and norketamine in hair samples using molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Anal Bioanal Chem. Vol.396(7), pp.2449-59. Kwiatkowski, S., Goodman, J. P., Stanley, S. D., Tai, C. L., Yang, J. M., Wood, T., Sturma, L., Woods, W. E., Tian, Z. G., Bertram, S., Tai, H. H., Weckman, T. J., Chang, S. L., Blake, J. W., Watt, D. S., Tobin, T., Mcdonald, J., Wie, S., Chung, R. A., Brecht, J. M., Conner, J. C., Dahl, P. A., Lewis, E. L., Prange, C. A., and Uboh, C. E. (1989) Immunoassay Detection of Drugs in Racing Horses .10. Detection of Phenylbutazone in Equine Blood and Urine by Particle Concentration Fluoroimmunoassay and Elisa. Research Communications in Substances of Abuse. Vol.10(2), pp.123-139. Landuyt, J., Delbeke, F. T., and Debackere, M. (1993) The intramuscular bioavailability of a phenylbutazone preparation in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.16(4), pp.494-500. Lees, P., Maitho, T. E., and Taylor, J. B. (1985) Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in two age groups of ponies: a preliminary study. Vet Rec. Vol.116(9), pp.229-32. Lees, P., Taylor, J. B., Higgins, A. J., and Sharma, S. C. (1986) Phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone distribution into tissue fluids in the horse. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.9(2), pp.204-12. Maitho, T. E., Lees, P., and Taylor, J. B. (1986) Absorption and pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone in Welsh Mountain ponies. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. Vol.9(1), pp.26-39. Meucci, V., Vanni, M., Sgorbini, M., Odore, R., Minunni, M., and Intorre, L. (2013) Determination of phenylbutazone and flunixin meglumine in equine plasma by electrochemical-based sensing coupled to selective extraction with molecularly imprinted polymers. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical. Vol.179 pp.226-231. Rowland, M., and Tozer, T. N. (2005) Clinical pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Smith, P. B., Caldwell, J., Smith, R. L., Horner, M. W., and Moss, M. S. (1987) The bioavailability of phenylbutazone in the horse. Xenobiotica. Vol.17(4), pp.435-43. B00222603Forensic Bio-analysisPage 1

Speech Pathology in Practice -- Health Care

Speech Pathology In Practice A speech pathologist is a health professional, educated at university level in the study of human communication. Speech pathologists assess and treat a wide range of communication and feeding skills, including language, voice, speech, fluency, feeding and swallowing and literacy (Private Speech Pathologists' Association of Western Australia, 2011, p. 1). They provide a wide range of services, mainly on an individual basis, but also as support for families, support groups, and providing information for the general public. Speech pathologists can work in a variety of settings, including hospitals, nursing homes, schools, community health centres, rehabilitation centres and private practice. In addition, the role of a speech pathologist is also to act as an advocate on behalf of people with communication disabilities (Speech Pathology Australia, 2012, p. 1). Human language is a unique mental equity and the use of language is deeply entrenched in human culture. Apart from being used to communicate and share information, it also has social and cultural uses, such as signifying ingrouping and identity (O'Connor, 2010, p. 1). The term language is often used interchangeably with communication and even speech, but it is important to define these terms in the context of speech pathology. Language can be defined as ‘code with structural properties characterized by a set of rules for producing and comprehending utterances’ (Nicolosi, Harryman, & Kresheck, 2004, p. 111). This is in contrast to speech; a ‘medium of oral communication that employs a linguistic code’ (Nicolosi et al., 2004, p. 254) or communication; ‘any means by which an individual relates experiences, ideas, knowledge and feelings to another’ (N... ...ial Educational Needs, 8(1), 2-12. doi: 10.1111/j.1471-3802.2008.00096.x Private Speech Pathologists' Association of Western Australia. (2011, 27 February 2012). What does a speech pathologist do? , from http://www.pspawa.com.au/html/what_do_we_do.html - What%20does%20a%20Speech%20Pathologist%20do Snowling, M. J., & Hulme, C. (2012). Interventions for children's language and literacy difficulties. International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 47(1), 27-34. doi: 10.1111/j.1460-6984.2011.00081.x Speech Pathology Australia. (2012). What is a speech pathologist? , from http://www.speechpathologyaustralia.org.au/library/1.1_What_is_a_Speech_Pathologist.pdf Steele, S., & Mills, M. (2011). Vocabulary intervention for school-age children with language impairment: A review of evidence and good practice. Child Language Teaching and Therapy, 27(3), 354.

Need Statement

X is a socio-cultural organization     working for social reformations for over two decades. It is a registered NGO, a non-profit organization. Currently, the main thrust of the organization is drug demand reduction amongst the younger generation. Drug abuse and alcoholism are among major causes for social maladies and     they misdirect the youth to antisocial activities and terrorism. The program initiated by X is an exclusive Psycho Analytical Treatment Module, which works on the total personality of an individual (addict). The highlight of our program is craving for drugs and alcohol is erased from the mind of the addict. That prevents the relapse, which is the major cause of worry in most of the drug demand reduction program. The drug demand reduction program of X has changed the lives of many individuals, transformed and rehabilitated families. X therefore, wishes to set up a comprehensive centre for de-addiction as it is felt that with growing number of cases, makeshift arrangements are not enough. X wishes to establish a full-fledged treatment centre.   Many across the country as well as a sizeable number from abroad have enquired about and have suggested for a proper permanent centre for inpatients, which require treatment for a fairly long period. â€Å"It is better to have a world united than a world divided; but it s better to have a world divided than a world destroyed,† said Sir Winston Churchill at the time of Second World War! At that time, perhaps Mr. Churchill did not think about this new war, where the youth of all the countries will join together, the war objective being mutual destruction. Who’s fighting whom in this weaponless, ammunition less war of drug-addiction? The most unfortunate aspect of this war is youth are the Commanders and the Generals! Thousands are recruited, without sex-bias, to this army of self-annihilation.   Mostly, youth partake in this death-march, and one can often hear the beat of the muffled drums, because drug death rates among the youth are increasing alarmingly. Youth have another shameful situation to face. â€Å"Often it is the victims of peddling who are arrested and prosecuted (for solicitation) rather than the traffickers† (UNODC-2007) Youth took to the drugs at a very young age, and walked up to the grave! That is their achievement in life! They have nothing to look forward to in life! The moral collapse of the younger generation is the worst thing that can happen to any country and humanity as a whole. Constructive dynamism should be the watchwords for this generation, but they preferred the ‘warmth’ of the fire-place beside the drug-joints .To provide the complete drug statistics, will mean writing an encyclopedia. The situation is simply mind-boggling. Therefore, the goal of X Organization is to bring total reduction in drug demand among the addicts and transform our drug-afflicted society into a society that is totally liberated from drug and substance abuse and make it   morally strong to stand against the related evils under any and all circumstances. It is no use brooding over the statistics, whether drug addicts are 1 million or 10 million! The menace has assumed alarming proportions, with no signs of abating.   If it is not checked with extra-serious efforts, the disastrous results will be catastrophic!   Youth are caught in it, and the clutches are too strong. The combustible younger generation is burning itself in the fire of various types of drug addictions. The present efforts made by UNODC, Govt. agencies, medical practitioners and philanthropists in the area of drug demand reduction, are like blocking a furiously advancing avalanche with the fence of straw. Or trying to touch the moon by kite flying! Or controlling the rising flood waters of the river by filling pitchers! Statistical studies and data are no doubt needed, but it is no use digging the well when the house is on fire. When there is a war, your goal should be to win the war, no matter how you do it. The initiatives should be implemented by honest people on a massive     scale. The transformation from addiction to de-addiction is like driving a vehicle, in the reverse gear—it is slow; has to be done with extra care! â€Å"When it comes to drug abuse people within a community can be seen as belonging to three different zones. The three zones can be best compared to a traffic light. People in the green zone are those who do not use drugs presently. Those in the amber zone are the early users, who run a great risk of developing problems. Those in the red zone are persons who are addicted. People in the red zone need treatment that is expensive and requires a lot of effort, and relapses are frequent. Therefore, red zone strategies include detoxification and rehabilitation† (UNODC Thematic Pamphlets 9) Majority of the youth addicts are in the red zone! As already stated, X is a non-profit Organization, just covering up its expenses through small donations, but it has the stability and experience of two decades behind it. Some of the philanthropists have been approached and seized of the issue. The activities of the project will be divided into two years. The program chalked out is: 1. Acquisition and possession of land 2. Outpatient department of the de addiction centre will be constructed first to initiate the following activities. a) Specialist and Medical Staff. b) Medicine Room. c) Landscaping for Naturopathy. d) Herbal Garden e) Community Education Program. f) Residential facilities for inpatient treatment. Project Impact: The objective of this treatment is to provide a treatment that treats, cures, detoxifies, recovers and rehabilitates an addict. Also transforms the individual in such a manner that there is a total denial to and abstinence from Drugs, alcohol and any type of substance abuse. With the impact of the project there would be increase in the level of awareness among masses and the stakeholders that there is a technique besides customary medical techniques that can totally transform and reform an addict into a decent individual and make productive member of the society. Counseling has the dominant role to play in the cure of the youth drug-addict.   They are, improving study, deepening self-understanding, and solving personal problems, etc. Solutions and intervention: To treat youth drug-addicts is not like the treatment of patients with cold or headache. Each addict is a special person and his problems are his own and they are quite intriguing. You have to deal with a cluster of problems relating to an individual before he is cured finally. This is a job of great perseverance, apart from the medical knowledge about the treatment. Drug demand reduction is a co-operative effort. Several persons are involved in the treatment of a drug addict. The co-operation of the addict is all the more important. .Monitoring and Evaluation: Internal monitoring and evaluation of the program will be carried out by the Organization Management, evaluation staff will be appointed and trained. The Fund Utilization Certificate will be made available through a registered Chartered Accountant. Conclusion: When a drug addict is constantly nagged and abused, condemned and ostracized by society, he turns into a viler and bitter individual. In such cases showering of pity alone will not help much. Heartfelt care and concern, an understanding approach, and tender regard for feelings are necessary prerequisites to heal the inner wounds, the self-inflicted damage.   Coupled with this, everybody involved in the treatment, directly and indirectly, need to learn to forgive and forget the past of the patient in order to help him build a new identity. References: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime-Strategic Programs Framework-South Asia-2005-2007-Priority Problems –Page 4 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime-Thematic Pamphlets 9–Prevention in the Community-Role of a Community Worker. Word Count:1286

Free Essays on How China Was Lost To Communism

How China Was Lost To Communism More than one-fifth of the world’s total population lives within China’s borders. China gave birth to one of the world’s earliest civilizations and has a recorded history that dates from some 3500 years ago (CIA). Zhonghuo, the Chinese name for the country, means â€Å"central land,† a reference to the Chinese belief that their country was the geographical center of the earth and the only true civilization. By the 19th century China had become a politically and economically weak nation, dominated by foreign powers (Wilkinson). China underwent many changes in the first half of the 20th century. The imperial government was overthrown, and in the chaotic years that followed, two groups-the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communists-struggled for control of the country. In 1949 the Communists won control of China. The government of the Republic of China, led by the KMT, fled to Taiwan. The accession of the Communist government in 1949 stands as one of the most important events in Chinese history; in a remarkably short period of time radical changes were effected in both the Chinese economy and society. Since the 1970s China has cast off its self-imposed isolation from the international community and has sought to modernize its economic structure. Communism To understand why China adopted communism, one must first get a clear understanding of this doctrine, and learn what its main emphasis and intentions are placed. Communism by definition, is a concept or system of society in which the major resources and means of production are owned by the community rather than by individuals (Gurley). In theory, such societies provide for equal sharing of all work, according to ability, and all benefits, according to need. Some conceptions of communist societies assume that, ultimately, coercive government would be unnecessary and therefore that such a society would be without rulers. Until the ultimate stages are... Free Essays on How China Was Lost To Communism Free Essays on How China Was Lost To Communism How China Was Lost To Communism More than one-fifth of the world’s total population lives within China’s borders. China gave birth to one of the world’s earliest civilizations and has a recorded history that dates from some 3500 years ago (CIA). Zhonghuo, the Chinese name for the country, means â€Å"central land,† a reference to the Chinese belief that their country was the geographical center of the earth and the only true civilization. By the 19th century China had become a politically and economically weak nation, dominated by foreign powers (Wilkinson). China underwent many changes in the first half of the 20th century. The imperial government was overthrown, and in the chaotic years that followed, two groups-the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Communists-struggled for control of the country. In 1949 the Communists won control of China. The government of the Republic of China, led by the KMT, fled to Taiwan. The accession of the Communist government in 1949 stands as one of the most important events in Chinese history; in a remarkably short period of time radical changes were effected in both the Chinese economy and society. Since the 1970s China has cast off its self-imposed isolation from the international community and has sought to modernize its economic structure. Communism To understand why China adopted communism, one must first get a clear understanding of this doctrine, and learn what its main emphasis and intentions are placed. Communism by definition, is a concept or system of society in which the major resources and means of production are owned by the community rather than by individuals (Gurley). In theory, such societies provide for equal sharing of all work, according to ability, and all benefits, according to need. Some conceptions of communist societies assume that, ultimately, coercive government would be unnecessary and therefore that such a society would be without rulers. Until the ultimate stages are...